Contents

a) Pharmacokinetics: concepts, definitions, objectives and LADME processes. Release: concept and importance of galenic formulation, definitions (pharmaceutical form, formulation, etc.), impact of the pharmaceutical form on therapeutic efficacy, drug stability. Pharmaceutical forms: dissolution / suspension, topical administrations (emulsions, transdermal patches, solid formulations, new technologies). Absorption. Distribution. Metabolism. Excretion. Compartmental Models. Non-compartmental Models and independent model methods. Kinetics dose / dependent time. Kinetics of metabolites. Relation between kinetics and dynamics: PK-PD modeling. Clinical impact of pharmacokinetic parameters. Design of the posology guidelines: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors.

b) Pharmacodynamics: definition and basic principles. Action and pharmacological effect. Concept of pharmacological selectivity and reversibility. Concentration curve / effect: description of the main parameters that describe this relationship. Pharmacological targets: receptors, enzymes, ion channels, carriers and cellular structures. Receptor-mediated actions: receptor concept, drug-receptor interaction (kinetic and occupational theories), agonism and pharmacological antagonism, structural characteristics of the main types of receptors. Receptor regulation: sensitization and desensitization, constitutive state of a receptor, reserve receptors. Pharmacological actions mediated by ion channels: types of ion channels. Enzyme-mediated pharmacological actions: different mechanisms of drug-enzyme interaction, types of enzymes as pharmacological targets. Pharmacological actions mediated by carriers. New pharmacological targets: genes, exogenous receptors. Temporary aspects of the pharmacological response: tolerance, sensitization.

c) Definitions and historical evolution. Basic elements of molecular biology, the human genome, protein biosynthesis. Pharmacogenetics: expression of polymorphisms with pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic implications. Impact of pharmacogenetics on therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects. Pharmacogenomics. Pharmacoproteomics: protein configuration and therapeutic efficacy. Systems biology: metabolomics and cytomics. Personalized pharmacology. Bioethical aspects.

d) Clinical response to drugs and their measurement. Treatment of symptoms, modification of the evolution of the disease, healing and prevention. Clinical events versus subrogated variables. Adverse effects and their identification: toxic effects, classification of adverse effects according to different dimensions (mechanisms of production, frequency, severity, etc.), causality. The benefit / risk relationship in the administration of drugs. Overdose and poisoning: basic principles of intervention.

e) Patient's own factors (sex, age, race, etc.): examples. Factors characteristic of the patient's pathology (alterations of the organs and systems responsible for the absorption, distribution and elimination processes): examples. Pharmacological interactions with drugs and other substances: examples.