
Calculus in Many Variables
Code: 107931Credits: 9
| Degree programme | Type | Course |
|---|---|---|
| Mathematics | OB | 2 |
Contact lecturer
- Name :
- Juan Carlos Cantero Guardeño
- Email :
- juancarlos.cantero@uab.cat
Teaching staff
- Juan Eugenio Mateu Bennassar
- Alberto Dayan
Teaching staff (external to UAB)
- Odí Soler i Gibert
Group languages
You can consult this information at the end of the document.
Prerequisites
In order for students to make good use of the course, it is very important that they have passed the first-year courses Functions of a Real Variable I and Functions of a Real Variable II. If this is not the case, it is essential that, at the very least, they have a deep understanding of the notions of convergence of sequences, as well as continuity, differentiability and integrability of functions.
It is also very important that students be proficient in handling limits, differentiation and integration rules, the fundamental theorem of calculus, Taylor expansions of elementary functions, among other topics.
For the second half of the course, it is crucial that students be familiar with the techniques and language of basic set theory.
Objectives
The aims of the course are to become familiar with the basic techniques of differential calculus in several variables and with Lebesgue measure and integration, also in the multivariable setting. More specifically, regarding differential calculus:
- The basic topology of n-dimensional Euclidean space.
- The concept of a function of several variables and of a vector field.
- The concept of the differential of a function of several variables, which generalizes the concept of derivative, together with its fundamental properties.
- Taylor polynomials in several variables, which will lead us to the study of the critical points of a function.
- The implicit and inverse function theorems.
- Optimization of functions: the Weierstrass theorem and the method of Lagrange multipliers.
Regarding integral calculus and Lebesgue measure:
- Lebesgue measure in R^n.
- The construction of the Lebesgue integral.
- The monotone and dominated convergence theorems, and Fatou’s lemma.
- Fubini’s theorem and the change of variables theorem.
- The Lebesgue differentiation theorem.
Learning outcomes
- CM16 (Construct rigorous proofs of intermediate results in mathematical analysis, multivariable calculus, and complex analysis.) Construct rigorous proofs of intermediate results in mathematical analysis, multivariable calculus, and complex analysis.
- CM17 (Propose analytical solutions to optimization problems in fields that are not necessarily mathematical.) Propose analytical solutions to optimization problems in fields that are not necessarily mathematical.
- KM25 (Identify basic concepts and results of differential calculus in several real variables (partial derivatives, Hessian matrix, gradient, etc.).) Identify basic concepts and results of differential calculus in several real variables (partial derivatives, Hessian matrix, gradient, etc.).
- SM21 (Apply the theorems of the Inverse Function and the Implicit Function to specific problems.) Apply the theorems of the Inverse Function and the Implicit Function to specific problems.
- SM22 (Interrelate the concepts of uniform convergence, continuity, differentiability and integrability of functions of one or more real variables.) Interrelate the concepts of uniform convergence, continuity, differentiability and integrability of functions of one or more real variables.
Contents
1) Differential calculus of several variables:
- Basic geometric and topological notions in Euclidean space. Limits and continuity. Graphs and level sets.
- Differentiability. Basic properties. Partial derivatives and directional derivatives. Local extrema.
- Higher-order derivatives. Taylor’s formula. Analysis of critical points: criteria for local extrema.
- Inverse function theorem. Changes of coordinates.
- Implicit function theorem. Geometric interpretation, curves and surfaces.
- Constrained extrema. Lagrange multipliers.
2) Lebesgue integral:
- Limitations of the Riemann integral.
- Lebesgue measure.
- Lebesgue integral. The monotone convergence theorem, the dominated convergence theorem and Fatou’s lemma. Comparison with the Riemann integral.
- Fubini’s theorem.
- Change of variables theorem. Meaning of the Jacobian.
- Lebesgue spaces Lp. Hardy-Littlewood maximal function. Lebesgue differentiation theorem.
Learning activities and methodology
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solving problems | 93 | 3.72 | CM17, KM25, SM21, SM22 |
| Lectures | 45 | 1.8 | CM16, KM25, SM21, SM22 |
| Studying theoretical concepts | 43 | 1.72 | CM16, SM21 |
| Problem sessions | 14 | 0.56 | CM17, KM25, SM21, SM22 |
| Seminars | 16 | 0.64 | CM17, KM25, SM21, SM22 |
| Tutorship | 6 | 0.24 | CM16, KM25, SM21 |
The course has three hours of theory classes per week. These classes will be taught in the traditional way, using chalk and blackboard. In the theory sessions, the main concepts will be developed and the important results of differential and integral calculus in several variables will be stated. We will prove the theorems and provide examples of their applications.
Students will receive lists of exercises and problems, which we will work on in the weekly problem session. Beforehand, as part of their independent study, they should have read and thought about the proposed exercises and problems. This will help ensure their participation in class and facilitate the assimilation of procedural content. There will be one problem session per week.
There will be eight seminar sessions, each lasting two hours. Students will have material previously made available on the Virtual Campus, which they will be expected to have studied. Students will work on a list of activities, asking any questions that may arise throughout the session. At the end of some seminar sessions, which will be announced in advance, there will be an assessment.
The expected progression for students, and the one that ensures better performance, is the following:
(i) Prior reading of the theory notes posted on the Virtual Campus. Identification of the concepts that may be more difficult.
(ii) Attendance at the corresponding theory sessions. Students are expected to participate actively, asking any questions that may arise. Every question is welcome, and encouraged, in the theory sessions.
(iii) Reading and attempting to solve the corresponding problems. It is strongly recommended that students first make an active and individual effort to solve the problems. In a second iteration, working in groups to solve problems is a good idea. Finally, once the problems have been attempted individually and collectively, students may use Artificial Intelligence tools for support, although this is by no means essential. It is important not to alter this order of action and not to start directly with the use of this tool. In fact, in this course it is recommended to avoid generative Artificial Intelligence tools, since current models tend to agree with users and confirm their hypotheses, which may create a false sense of mastery of the content.
(iv) Attendance at the problem and seminar sessions corresponding to this block. Students are expected to participate actively, asking any questions that may arise. Every question is welcome, and encouraged, in the problem and seminar sessions.
The Virtual Campus will be the means of communication between the teaching staff and students. It will be important to check it on a daily basis.
Students will have access to office-hour tutorials. They are encouraged to make use of this support in order to follow the course properly. You may contact the teaching staff by email to arrange a tutorial session.
Note: 15 minutes of one class will be set aside, within the calendar established by the centre/degree programme, so that students can complete the surveys evaluating the teaching staff’s performance and the course itself.
Assessment
Continuous assessment activities
| Title | Weight | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First exam | 45% | 3 | 0.12 | CM16, CM17, KM25, SM22 |
| Second exam | 45% | 3 | 0.12 | CM16, CM17, KM25, SM21, SM22 |
| Seminars | 10% | 2 | 0.08 | CM16, CM17, KM25, SM22 |
There will be continuous assessment consisting of a first midterm exam (P1) and two compulsory assessed seminars (S1, S2). The marks for the assessed seminars cannot be retaken. At the end of the course there will be a second midterm exam (P2) and a resit exam (R).
The final mark is obtained in two steps. We denote by P1, P2, S, R, respectively, the marks for the first midterm exam, the second midterm exam, the average of the seminars S1, S2, and the resit exam, all out of 10.
First sitting. If min(P1, P2)<3.5, the student must take the resit exam. Otherwise, the mark for the first sitting is computed as
C1=0.45P1+0.45P2+0.1*S.
If C1>=5, the student has passed the first sitting and has passed the course with final mark C1+V, where V is a variable component that will be detailed below.
Second sitting. Students who have not passed the first sitting, as well as those who wish to improve their mark, may take the resit exam. The mark C2 for the second sitting is
C2=min(7, 0.9R+0.1S)
and replaces C1. If C2>=5, the student has passed the second sitting and has passed the course with final mark C2+V.
If C1<5 and the student does not take the resit exam, their final mark will be C1. If C1<5 and C2<5, the student’s final mark will be C2.
The variable component V may range from 0 to 0.5 points. It will depend mainly on participation in the Virtual Campus forums, but it may also be complemented by the completion of extra assignments and exercises. Under no circumstances will the variable component be taken into account if the final mark C1 or C2 is lower than 5.
Remark 1: If the teaching staff considers it appropriate, students may be asked to attend interviews in order to further clarify the marks.
Remark 2: Possible honours distinctions will be awarded before the resit exam, since this exam does not allow the mark to be raised above 7.
Remark 3: A student will be considered “Not assessable” if they have not taken part in any exam, that is, if they have no P1, P2 or R mark.
Students who have chosen the single-assessment modality must take a final assessment consisting of an oral theory exam, in which they will have to present a topic and respond to the teaching staff’s questions and comments. In addition, on the day of the final exam they must take a problem-solving test, in which they will have to solve a series of exercises similar to those worked on in the Practical Classroom sessions. The theory exam will account for 50% of the mark and the problem-solving exam for the remaining 50%. If the final mark does not reach 5, the student will have another opportunity to pass the course through the resit exam, which will have the same structure. Single-assessment students who have not taken part in either of these two exams will be considered “Not assessable”.
Without prejudice to any other disciplinary measures that may be deemed appropriate and in accordance with the current academic regulations, any irregularities committed by a student that may lead to a change in the final mark will be graded with a zero (0).
For example, plagiarism, copying, allowing others to copy, or having communication devices —such as mobile phones, smart watches, etc.— during an assessment activity will result in failing that assessment activity with a zero (0).
Assessment activities graded in this way and through this procedure will not be eligible for reassessment. If passing any of these assessment activities is required in order to pass the course, the course will be failed directly, with no opportunity for reassessment during the same academic year.
The numerical mark recorded in the student’s academic transcript will be the lower value between 3.0 and the weighted average of the marks if the student has committed irregularities in an assessment activity.
This teaching guide has been translated from the original Catalan version. In the event of any discrepancy, difference in interpretation, or contradiction between this translation and the Catalan version, the original Catalan version shall always prevail.
Bibliography
- Course notes at Campus Virtual (available in Catalan). They contain all the necessary material related to the contents of the course.
- Functions of Several Variables, Martin Moskowitz and Fotios Paliogiannis, World Scientific, 2011. This is a book that fits very well with the contents of the differential calculus part of the course, and we will follow it closely. It is available in the online library.
- Analysis II, Terence Tao, Hindustan Book Agency, Texts and Readings in Mathematics 38, 2006. The author won the Fields Medal in 2006, so it is interesting to see how he presents the subject. There are two chapters on Lebesgue measure, which are quite concise. It is a useful supplement for those who are especially interested. The approach is quite similar to the one we will follow in the course.
- Juan Cerdà. Càlcul Integral. Manuals de la UB.
Software
None
Course groups and languages
The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE
| Type of teaching | Group | Language | Semester | Shift |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (TE) Theory | 1 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 1 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 1 | Spanish | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 2 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 2 | Spanish | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 3 | Spanish | second semester | morning-mixed |