
Biochemistry
Code: 102522Credits: 6
| Degree programme | Type | Course |
|---|---|---|
| Chemistry | OB | 3 |
Contact lecturer
- Name :
- Arnau Cordomi Montoya
- Email :
- arnau.cordomi@uab.cat
Teaching staff
- Arnau Cordomi Montoya
- Ana Paula Candiota Silveira
Group languages
You can consult this information at the end of the document.
Prerequisites
There are no official prerequisites. However, it is assumed that the student has acquired the knowledge given in the first year subject of Fundamentals of Molecular and Cell Biology, especially those referring to structure and function of glucides, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids .
Objectives
Contextualisation and objectives
The general objective of the course is to provide an overview of metabolism in living organisms, as well as its regulation. The course Biochemistry continues and complements part of the content covered in the course “Fundamentals of Molecular and Cell Biology”. In Biochemistry, the basic aspects of metabolic pathways are studied, including the associated energetic changes, their physiological significance, their interconnections, and their response to biological signals from a basic and general perspective.
Specific objectives of the course:
- To describe the general mechanisms by which living organisms obtain and transform energy from the environment.
- To understand the main molecular mechanisms of biological signal transduction.
- To describe the central metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
- To understand the components of electron transport chains, their coupling to oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation, and the production of metabolic energy.
- To provide a general overview of the interconnections between metabolic pathways, as well as the mechanisms that regulate them in a coordinated manner and their changes under different pathophysiological situations.
- To apply the acquired knowledge to solve qualitative and quantitative problems.
Learning outcomes
- Communicate orally and in writing in one's own language.
- Manage the organisation and planning of tasks.
- Resolve problems and make decisions.
- Obtain information, including by digital means.
- Manage, analyse and synthesise information.
- Use IT to treat and present information.
- Work in a team and show concern for interpersonal relations at work.
- Reason in a critical manner
- Learn autonomously.
- Adapt to new situations.
- Propose creative ideas and solutions.
- Show initiative and an enterprising spirit.
- Show sensitivity for environmental issues.
- Describe the processes and reactions that occur in biological systems.
- Explain the molecular bases of the organisation of living beings.
- Identify the mechanisms that regulate the vital functions of living beings.
- Study enzymatic catalysis by means of modelling methods.
- Describe the basic methodologies of recombinant DNA technology for application to the expression of recombinant proteins.
- Apply the basic methods of recombinant DNA technology.
- Use suitable strategies to handle and eliminate certain biological materials.
- Evaluate how dangerous biological samples and reagents are in a specific framework.
- Identify the risks associated with the handling of biological samples and reagents.
- Identify the risks involved in the handling of chemical compounds used in biological chemistry, and apply suitable protocols for the storage or elimination of the waste generated.
Contents
THEORY
Topic 0. General introduction: biomolecules and cells
General introduction to the main macromolecules: mono- and polysaccharides, amino acids and proteins, lipids and lipid derivatives. Different cellular compartments and basic functions of organelles and structures.
Topic 1. Basic concepts of metabolism
Introduction to metabolism. Energy and carbon sources in living organisms. Concept of homeostasis. Metabolism and metabolic pathways. Stages of metabolism. Free energy in biological processes. Coupled reactions. Role of ATP and other phosphorylated compounds in metabolism. Oxidation–reduction processes in biochemistry. Role of electron carriers in metabolism. Experimental methods for studying metabolism.
Topic 2. Basic concepts of metabolic regulation
Control of metabolic pathways. Enzymes and enzyme kinetics. Regulation of enzymatic activity. Enzyme inhibitors. Allosteric enzymes. Regulation by covalent modification. General aspects of gene expression regulation. Control and compartmentalisation of metabolic pathways.
Topic 3. Biosignalling
Characteristics of signal transduction processes. Hormones, neurotransmitters and other primary messengers. Membrane and intracellular receptors. Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction. Integration of effects at cytoplasmic and nuclear level.
Topic 4. Carbohydrate metabolism
Glucose degradation: glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Fermentations. Gluconeogenesis. Glycogen synthesis and degradation. Utilisation of other carbohydrates. Coordination in the control of glucose and glycogen metabolism: importance of tissue metabolic specialisation.
Topic 5. Central pathways of oxidative metabolism
Metabolic pathways leading to the formation of acetyl-CoA. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. The citric acid cycle. Energy yield and regulation. Anaplerotic reactions. Amphibolic nature of the citric acid cycle: connections with biosynthetic pathways. Glyoxylate cycle.
Topic 6. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondrial electron transport chain. Origin and utilisation of reduced substrates. Chemiosmotic coupling: ATP synthase and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial transport systems. Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation. Energy balance of oxidative metabolism (glucose example). Uncoupling proteins and thermogenesis.
Topic 7. Photosynthesis
Basic process of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigments. Light energy absorption. Electron transport and photophosphorylation. CO₂ assimilation and photosynthetic carbohydrate biosynthesis (Calvin cycle). Regulation of photosynthesis. Photorespiration and C4 cycle.
Topic 8. Lipid metabolism
Utilisation of triacylglycerols in animals. Lipoprotein metabolism. Description and regulation of fatty acid oxidation pathway. Ketogenesis. Description and regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Cholesterol metabolism and its derivatives.
Topic 9. Metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds: amino acids and nucleotides
Nitrogen cycle. General characteristics of amino acid synthesis and degradation. Fates of amino acid carbon skeletons. Ammonia elimination and urea cycle. Synthesis of biologically relevant amines. Formation of creatine and phosphocreatine. Heme metabolism. General characteristics of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism. Biomedical applications of nucleotide analogues: chemotherapy and cancer.
Topic 10. Metabolic integration
Metabolic specialisation of tissues. Metabolic characteristics of liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Metabolic adaptations to different pathophysiological situations: changes associated with nutritional states, exercise and stress effects. Metabolic alterations in diabetes and obesity.
PROBLEMS
The problem sessions address selected aspects of the theory syllabus such as oxidation–reduction reactions, thermodynamics, and enzyme kinetics applied to different stages of metabolism, their regulation in response to the activation of different signalling pathways, and their relevance in various pathophysiological conditions.
LABORATORY PRACTICALS
Two laboratory sessions of four hours each will be carried out:
- Determination of enzymatic activity by monitoring a spectrophotometric signal. Determination of kinetic parameters under steady-state conditions.
- Expression process of a heterologous protein.
Learning activities and methodology
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tutor sessions | 2 | 0.08 | 1, 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 |
| Classes of problem resolution | 7 | 0.28 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19 |
| practice sessions in the laboratory | 8 | 0.32 | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21, 22, 23 |
| Theoric classes | 36 | 1.44 | 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, 19 |
| resolution of the proposed questionnaire | 10 | 0.4 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 17 |
| Study | 40 | 1.6 | 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 |
| Problem solving | 17 | 0.68 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17 |
The learning activities are divided into three sections: theoretical classes, problem-solving classes, and laboratory practical sessions, each with its own specific methodology. These activities will be complemented by a series of tutorial sessions scheduled additionally. The organisation and teaching methodology for each type of activity are described below.
Theoretical classes
The theoretical content will be delivered mainly by the teaching staff through lectures supported by audiovisual materials. The lecture slides used by the instructors will be available to students on the course Virtual Campus before the start of each topic. This component will be complemented by interactive activities such as Socrative, which will be conducted exclusively in person during class, and in which participation will be assessed.
Problem-solving classes
Throughout the course, 7 hours will be devoted to problem-solving sessions.
The problem statements will be made available through the Virtual Campus. These classes aim to consolidate the content covered in theoretical lectures, as well as to familiarise students with experimental strategies used in biochemistry, the interpretation of scientific data, and the resolution of problems based on real experimental situations.
Laboratory practical sessions
Each morning and afternoon group will be subdivided into subgroups, the lists of which will be announced during the first weeks of the course. To ensure the proper functioning of practical sessions, group changes will only be accepted if duly justified.
Attendance at laboratory sessions requires a lab coat, safety goggles for splash protection, and the practical protocol (available on the Virtual Campus) printed and read in advance.
The practical sessions, as well as their assessment, will be carried out in groups. After each session, a questionnaire/report must be submitted containing the experimental results and answers to the proposed questions. Attendance at practical sessions is mandatory, except in duly documented cases.
SAFETY NOTICE IN THE LABORATORY: Any student involved in an incident with potential serious safety consequences may be removed from the laboratory and fail the course.
Tutoring sessions
The aim of these sessions is to resolve doubts, review basic concepts not covered in class, and provide guidance on the sources of information used. These sessions will not be lecture-based and will not introduce new official syllabus content; they will consist of discussion and debate. Individual tutorials will be arranged upon student request.
Assessment
Continuous assessment activities
| Title | Weight | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Theory partial exam 2 | 35% | 2 | 0.08 | 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 |
| Participating in problem classes | 5% | 5 | 0.2 | 3, 5, 7, 11, 14, 17 |
| Presence in laboratory sessions and report elaboration | 10% | 18 | 0.72 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 |
| Theory partial exam 1 | 35% | 2 | 0.08 | 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 |
| Problems exam | 10% | 2 | 0.08 | 1, 3, 8, 11, 14, 15, 16 |
| Graded group problem-solving exercis | 5% | 1 | 0.04 | 3, 5, 7, 8 |
Theory
Individual assessment through:
• Two partial exams with multiple-choice questions and/or short-answer questions. There are no requirements to be eligible to take any of the scheduled exams. The total weight of the partial exams will be 70% of the final grade (35% each partial exam).
Problem-solving sessions
Individual assessment through:
• An exam in which problem-solving exercises will be proposed and which will take place on the same day as the second partial exam. The weight of the problem-solving assessment will be 10% of the final grade.
Group assessment through:
• A problem-solving exercise submitted in class. The weight of this activity will be 5% of the final grade.
• Participation in class in solving exercises. The weight of this activity will be 5% of the final grade.
Practical sessions
Group assessment through:
• Presentation of the results obtained during the practical sessions and completion of the proposed questionnaire. Attitude and behaviour during laboratory sessions will also be taken into account.
Attendance at laboratory practical sessions is mandatory. The weight of the practical assessment will be 10% of the final grade.
Final qualification
To pass the course, students must obtain an overall grade equal to or higher than 5 out of 10 and a minimum grade of 3.5 in each of the theory partial exams and in the average grade of the problem-solving exams. If any of these grades is below 3.5, the maximum final grade will be 3.5 out of 10.
Single assessment
Students who opt for the single assessment system will take, on the same day as the second continuous assessment partial exam, the exam covering the entire theory syllabus. The exam will have the same format as the continuous assessment exam and the grade obtained will represent 70% of the final course grade.
On the same day, the problem-solving exam will be held, accounting for 20% of the final grade.
If any of these exams does not achieve the minimum grade of 3.5, or if the average of the different grades (theory, problems and practical sessions) does not reach 5, students will have to take the resit exam in order to meet these minimum requirements to pass the course.
Attendance at practical sessions and submission of the report are mandatory (10% of the final grade).
Resit exam
To participate in the resit exams, students must have previously been assessed through a set of activities whose weighting corresponds to a minimum of two thirds of the total course or module grade. Therefore, students will receive a grade of “Not Assessable” when the completed assessment activities account for less than 67% of the final grade.
On the same day, there will be specific resit exams for the first partial exam, the second partial exam and problem-solving, for students who need to recover any of these components.
The grades obtained in the resit exam will replace the grades obtained in the partial exams. For exams that are not retaken, the original grade will be maintained.
If any of these exams receives a grade below 3.5, the maximum final grade will be 3.5 out of 10.
Students wishing to retake a passed exam in order to improve their grade must notify this at least 7 days in advance. At the time of notification, they will automatically waive their previous grade. Students who retake an exam to improve their grade will not be eligible for Honours (Matrícula d’Honor).
Other considerations
Students who are unable to attend an individual assessment test due to a justified reason (such as illness, death of a first-degree relative or accident) and provide the corresponding official documentation to the Degree Coordinator will be entitled to take the exam on another date.
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is not allowed in the preparation of practical reports. However, their use is permitted for support tasks, such as literature or information searches, text correction or translations. Lack of transparency regarding the use of AI in assessed activities will be considered a breach of academic integrity and may result in a partial or total penalty in the activity grade, or more severe sanctions in serious cases.
Any irregularity in an assessment activity (academic fraud, plagiarism or inappropriate use of AI, unless such use is expressly authorised in the course syllabus) that may lead to a significant variation in the grade will result in a grade of 0 for that activity. If the course syllabus establishes that obtaining a minimum grade in that assessment activity is an essential requirement to pass the course, or if multiple irregularities occur in the assessment activities of the same course, the final course grade will be 0. In addition, disciplinary proceedings may be initiated against students who commit any of these irregularities.
Bibliography
This course mainly follows selected chapters from Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, which is available online and in print at the library.
- Nelson, David L. [i altres]. (2021). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. (8th ed.) Macmillan Nels International Higher Education Disponible en línia
- Nelson, David L. [i altres]. (2021). Lehninger principles of biochemistry. (8th ed.) Macmillan Nels Learning Disponible en paper a la biblioteca
- Nelson, David L. & Lehninger, Albert L. & Cox Michael, M. (2018). Lehninger principios de Nels bioquímica. (7ª ed.) Omega Disponible en paper a la biblioteca
The following books also cover the course syllabus:
- Berg, Jeremy M. (2023). Biochemistry. (10th ed.) Macmillan Berg Disponible en línia
- Berg, Jeremy M. [i altres]. (2023). Biochemistry. (10th ed.) Macmillan Learning Berg Disponible en paper a la biblioteca
- Fromm, Herbert J. & Hargrove, Mark. (2012). Essentials of Biochemistry. Springer Fro Disponible en línia
- Litwack, Gerald. (2022). Human biochemistry. (2nd ed.) Academic Press Litw Disponible en línia
- Voet, Donald & Pratt, Charlotte W. & Voet, Judith G. (2016). Fundamentos de bioquímica : Voet la vida a nivel molecular. (4ª ed.) Médica Panamericana Disponible en línia
- Voet, Donald & Voet, Judith G. (2021). Biochemistry. (4th ed.) Wiley Voet Disponible en paper a la biblioteca
- Voet, Donald [i altres]. (2025). Fundamentals of biochemistry. (6th ed.) Wiley Voet Disponible en paper a la biblioteca
Software
There is no specific software associated with this course. The use of Excel will be required for the analysis of the practical results.
Course groups and languages
The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE
| Type of teaching | Group | Language | Semester | Shift |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (TE) Theory | 1 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 1 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 1 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 1 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (TE) Theory | 2 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 2 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 2 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 2 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 3 | Catalan | second semester | afternoon |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 3 | Catalan | second semester | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 4 | Catalan | second semester | afternoon |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 4 | Catalan | second semester | afternoon |