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Cell Biology and Histology

Code: 101955
Credits: 9
2026/2027
Degree programme Type Course
Genetics FB 1

Contact lecturer

Name :
Laura Tusell Padros
Email :
laura.tusell@uab.cat

Teaching staff

Laura Tusell Padros
Covadonga Vara Gonzalez
Cristina Madrid Sandín

Group languages

You can consult this information at the end of the document.

Prerequisites

Sufficient knowledge of Biology during secondary school.

Erasmus students should consider that lessons are taught in Català.

Objectives

This is a compulsory first-year course that introduces students to the fundamentals aspects of cell biology and tissue organization of vertebrates. In order to facilitate the learning process, the subject has been divided into two thematic modules that respectively comprise the study of the eukaryotic cell and how these cells organize themselves to form the different animal tissues. The central object of study of cellular biology is the eukaryotic cell, the knowledge of intracellular molecules and the interactions between cells that allow the construction of multicellular organisms. On the other hand, the current object of the Histology is the study of the cellular groupings that constitute the animal tissues and their correlation with the integrating tissue function.


The specific objectives are:

1. To know the general structure, organization and functions of the different cellular organelles.

2. To acquire integrated cell concepts thanks to the ability to interrelate the different organelles from a morpho-functional perspective.

3. Master the basic terminology and be able to express concepts properly and correctly describe cellular structures.

4. To know the diversity of animal cells.

5. To know how to distinguish the cytophysiological characteristics that define the different animal tissues.

Learning outcomes

  • CM01 (Integrate the organisational levels of biological systems in the analysis of complex problems in biosciences.) Integrate the organisational levels of biological systems in the analysis of complex problems in biosciences.
  • CM02 (Communicate fundamental scientific information about biology effectively, both orally and in writing.) Communicate fundamental scientific information about biology effectively, both orally and in writing.
  • CM03 (Solve scientific research problems through the autonomous interpretation of biological data.) Solve scientific research problems through the autonomous interpretation of biological data.
  • KM01 (Describe the organisation and functioning of cells, tissues, and physiological systems in living organisms.) Describe the organisation and functioning of cells, tissues, and physiological systems in living organisms.
  • KM02 (Identify the biological diversity and evolutionary relationships of organisms in the context of their ecosystems.) Identify the biological diversity and evolutionary relationships of organisms in the context of their ecosystems.
  • SM01 (Characterise the diversity and functional organisation of the organisms.) Characterise the diversity and functional organisation of the organisms.

Contents

The content of this course consists of two well differentiated parts: Cell Biology and Histology. The study of the cell constitutes the basis for the study of tissues, which are linked to the higher level of organization, the organs. During the first weeks of the semester cell biology contents are taught to acquire basic knowledge about the structure of the cell before starting to study the different tissues present in animal organisms. In the middle of the semester and until the end, the Cell Biology lectures will overlap with the Histology ones.


Cell Biology Module


I. GLOBAL VISION OF THE CELL

Unit 1. The cell. The origin of the cell. From prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Organization of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.


II. CELLULAR SURFACE

Unit 2. Structure and composition of the plasma membrane. Functions, structure and composition. Characteristics of the membrane: fluidity and asymmetry. Occluding junctions (Tight junctions).

Unit 3. Transport of molecules through the membranes. Simple diffusion. Transport of ions and small molecules: Passive transport and active transport. Communicating junctions: Gap and plasmodesmata.


III. COMPARTMENTS OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

Unit 4. Introduction to intracellularcompartments and the cytosol. Cell compartmentation. Protein intracellular traffic. Composition and organization of the cytosol. Protein folding, post-translational modifications, protein processing and degradation.

Unit 5. Endoplasmic reticulum. Introduction to the endomembrane system: structure and composition. Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum: synthesis of lipids. Functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum: protein synthesis, protein modifications and quality control. Vesicular transport between the reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Recovery of endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins.

Unit 6. Basic principles of vesicular transport. Type of vesicles, vesicle formation and fusion with the target membrane.

Unit 7. Golgi apparatus and secretion routes. Structure and composition of the Golgi apparatus. Glycosylation and modification of protein’s oligosaccharides. Distribution of proteins in the trans-Golgi network: transport of lysosomal proteins, constitutive secretion and regulated secretion. Retention of Golgi apparatus resident proteins.

Unit 8. Routes of endocytosis. Endosomal compartment: structure, composition and classification. Endocytosis (pinocytosis and phagocytosis). Lysosomes: structure and composition. Digestion of material (autophagy and heterophagy) and genetic defects in acid hydrolases.

Unit 9. Mitochondria. Structure and composition. Biogenesis: mitochondrial genome and protein synthesis; import of lipids and proteins. Functions of mitochondria: oxidations, electron transport and ATP synthesis; transport through the internal mitochondrial membrane and heat production.

Unit 10. Peroxisomes. Structure and composition. Biogenesis: import of lipids and proteins; genetic diseases related to deficient protein import. General functions of peroxisomes: oxidative reactions and oxidation of fatty acids. Specific functions in animal cells: detoxification reactions and synthesis of plasmalogens and, in plant cells: photorespiration and glyoxylate cycle.

Unit 11. Nucleus. Nuclear envelope, nuclear lamina and pore complex structure. Bidirectional transport between nucleus-cytoplasm. Nucleolus: structure and synthesis of ribosomal RNA. Chromatin: composition and structure and DNA heterogeneity. Organization of chromatin in the interphase nucleus: euchromatin and heterochromatin. Organization and structure of the chromosome.


IV. CYTOSKELETON AND CELL MOVEMENT

Unit 12. Microfilaments. Structure and composition. Actin polymerization. Actin binding proteins (ABPs). Organization of microfilaments in muscle and non-muscle cells. Cell movement. Adherens junctions: adhesion belt and focal adhesions.

Unit 13. Microtubules. Structure and composition. Polymerization of tubulin. Proteins associated with microtubules (MAPs). Labile and stable microtubules. Centrioles, cilia and flagella: structure, biogenesis and functions.

Unit 14. Intermediate filaments. Structure and composition. Polymerization. Proteins associated with the intermediate filaments (IFAPs). Associated functions. Adherent junctions: Desmosome and Hemidesmosome.


V. THE VITAL CYCLE OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

Unit 15. Cell cycle and Mitosis. Phases of the cell cycle. Control of the cell cycle: system components and checkpoints. Phases of mitosis and organization of the mitotic spindle. Cytokinesis.

Unit 16. Meiosis. Phases of meiosis. Synaptonemal complex and synapses of the chromosomes. Genetic recombination.


Histology Module


Unit 1. Concept of animal tissue. Cellular and extracellular components. Classification of animal tissues.

Unit 2. Epithelial tissue. Differentiations of the surface of the epithelial cell. Cellular polarity and intercellular junctions. Basal sheet coating epithelium: structural and physiological characteristics. Types of coating epithelium. Glandular epithelia: secretory cell types. Classification and general properties of exocrine glands

Unit 3. Conjunctive tissue: Extracellular matrix: fibers and essential substance. Fixed and free cells of the connective tissue. Fibroblast and fibrogenosis. Mastocytes. Plasmocytes. Macrophages and mononuclear phagocytic system. Varieties of connective tissue.

Unit 4. Adipose tissue: The adipocyte.Unilocular and multilocular adipose tissue: structure, function and distribution.

Unit 5. Cartilaginous tissue: Cartilaginous matrix. Chondrocyte varieties of the cartilaginous tissue: hyaline, elastic and fibrous.Histophysiology.

Unit 6. Bone tissue. Architectural organization of the bone. Bony matrix osteoblasts-osteocytes: structure and function. Osteoclasts and bone resorption. Histophysiology. Varieties of the bone tissue: laminar and non-laminar.Osteons, interstitial and circumferential systems.

Unit 7. Blood. Plasma blood and elements forms. Erythrocyte: structure and function. Thrombocytes and platelets: blood clotting. Leukocytes: Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes.

Unit 8. Muscle tissue. Varieties of muscle tissue. Striated muscular tissue: Contractile apparatus. Miofibrils and sarcomeres. Cytophysiology of muscle contraction. Cardiac muscle tissue: Intercalary discs. Smooth muscle tissue

Unit 9. Nervous tissue. Neuron: morpho-functional regionalization. Axon flow interneuronal synapse neurology.

Learning activities and methodology

Title Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
Oral presentation 12 0.48 CM02
Cases 8 0.32 CM01, CM02, CM03
Problem solving 20 0.8 CM03
Reading 10 0.4 KM01, KM02, SM01
Lectures 55 2.2 KM01, KM02, SM01
Bibliography 9 0.36 CM01
Seminars 4 0.16 CM02
Preparation 0.5 0.02 CM02, KM02
Study 97 3.88 CM01, SM01

Teaching methodology and modalities are described as follows:


CELL BIOLOGY MODULE

Masterclass Sessions

The content of the theory program will be taught mainly by the professors in the form of lectures. The theoretical classes will be complemented by the viewing of animations and videos related to the topics discussed in class. The presentations will be available in * pdf format on the subject's Moodle . It is recommended that students bring this material to class, to use as a support when taking notes. It is advised that students regularly consult the books recommended in the Bibliography section in order to consolidate and clarify, if necessary, the contents explained in class.

In addition to attending classes, following the subject also involves an active role for students through the preparation of some of the topics of the theoretical program. At the beginning of the course, a list of the sections that they will have to prepare will be provided as well as a detailed script of the aspects and contents that must be developed for each of them. The material that they must prepare will be collected in the form of a Self-Learning Work Guide, available on Moodle and in * pdf format . The guide includes a detailed description of the topics that must be prepared and their contents, as well as some general recommendations. The aim is for students to acquire the ability to search for information from various sources and to synthesize all the information collected.

Problem sessions

Solving scientific problems allows for a very interesting deduction and integration exercise for scientific training. Therefore, theoretical knowledge is complemented by solving 20 problems related to the topics covered in theory classes.

The problem classes will serve to guide students regarding their level of learning of the subject, since they involve an integration of concepts and knowledge and are ultimately a way of approaching the scientific method. The collection of problems will be found on Moodle in * pdf format . The completion of the problems is non-face-to-face and, therefore, students must dedicate part of their non-class time to their completion. In this sense, groups of four people will have to be formed, which will meet together to solve the different problems proposed. The problems will be discussed and corrected during the face-to-face sessions, requiring the active participation of the students. A student will be asked at random to present the resolution of a problem and explain it to the rest of the classmates. This presentation will be evaluated by both the teaching staff and the students through an online questionnaire. The evaluation rubric will be available on Moodle in * pdf format .

Finally, each student must individually and compulsorily answer two questionnaires on teamwork (one in the middle and the other at the end of the problem sessions). The information collected in the questionnaires will be considered to verify and, if necessary, individually modulate the group work grade of the different members.

Attendance at problem solving classes will be mandatory (a roll call will be taken in class). In the event of unexcused absence from problem solving classes, there will be a penalty in the final grade for the subject.

Tutorials

The tutorials will be held in a personalized manner in the professor's office (door C2/050 - Dra Laura Tusell-, and schedule to be agreed upon). The tutorials should be used to clarify concepts, consolidate the knowledge acquired and facilitate the study by the students. They can also be used to resolve doubts that the students have about the preparation of the self-learning work.



HISTOLOGY MODULE

Lectures

The content of the program will be mainly taught using a classroom-based (lectures) methodology. Lectures will be complemented in the classroom by the visualization of cartoons and videos related to the topics covered in each unit. Teacher's presentations will be available in * pdf format in the Moodle.

Although it is not essential to extend the contents of the classes taught by the teacher, unless it is specifically requested, students are advised to consult the books recommended in the Bibliography section on a regular basis to consolidate and clarify, if necessary, the contents of each lecture.

Seminars

Scheduled seminars are designed for students to work in small groups, and acquire team-building and critical thinking skills. Working groupswill consist of 4 to 6 students to develop a specific topic for the subsequent oral presentation and collective discussion. Thus, the follow-up of the seminars implies an active role of the students in presenting the specific topics.

The organization of the working groups and the distribution of the topics to be discussed will be carried out during the first seminar. In the remaining seminars some groups of students, chosen at random, having prepared the proposed subject, will deliver it in writing to the teacher. The same groups of students will orally present the topic to the rest of the class, with the available means in the classroom.

For the preparation of the seminars, the students should use the appropriate bibliography, as well as the scientific papers related to the topics.

Attendance at seminars is mandatory. In case of missing class for cause not justified there will be a penalty in the note of the seminars.

Tutorial

Tutorials will be done in a personalized way in the teacher's office (to be agreed with the teacher). The tutorials should be used to clarify concepts, settle the knowledge acquired and facilitate the study by students. They can also be used to solve doubts that students have about the preparation of seminars.

Annotation: within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.

Assessment

Continuous assessment activities

Title Weight Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
Histology 33% 4 0.16 CM01, CM02, KM01, KM02, SM01
Cell Biology 67% 5.5 0.22 CM01, CM02, CM03, KM01, KM02, SM01

As explained before, the content of this subject is divided into two well-differentiated thematic modules: Cell Biology and Animal Histology that have a weight of 67% and 33%, respectively, in the final grade of the subject. The 2 modules will only be weighted when each of the final mark in each module exceeds 5 points out of 10.


CELL BIOLOGY MODULE

The assessment of the skills of this subject will be organized in two itineraries: (1) Continuous assessment and (2) Single assessment . Students who wish to follow the AU itinerary must make the request as indicated by the Faculty's Academic Management.

(1) Continuous assessment (CA)

Written tests – theory (75% of the overall grade)

They assess the scientific knowledge achieved by each student as well as their capacity for analysis and synthesis, and scientific reasoning. The individual and continuous evaluation of the theoretical concepts studied will be carried out through two written tests (written test I and written test II) of multiple choice type throughout the course with a weighting of 37.5% each .

Scientific problems - PAUL (25% of the overall grade)

12% of the overall grade for this section will come from the individual resolution of a scientific problem, similar to those worked on in class, on the day of written test I (6%) and on the day of written test II (6%).

The remaining 13% will correspond to the evaluation of the public presentation of the resolution of the problems in the classroom by the students and the teamwork. The grade of each group of students will be calculated by taking the arithmetic average of the sum of the grades obtained in the oral presentations of each of the members. This grade will be shared by all the members of the group and will be equivalent to 11% of the final grade of the module. At the same time, it will be taken into account that each student has answered and submitted the 2 questionnaires corresponding to the teamwork on the established date (2%). The grade obtained in this block may be modulated individually, depending on the questionnaire and attendance at classes. Attendance at the problem class is mandatory (a list will be passed in class). In case of absence from the problem class without justification there will be a penalty in the final grade: absence 1 session = reduction of 10% of the grade.

IMPORTANT : The grade for the science problems block of a student who misses more than one PAUL session, justified or unjustified, will be given solely for the individual resolution of the science problems on the day of written test I and II. Each of these problems will have a weight of 12.5% of the overall grade (Total Science Problems = 25% overall grade).


(2) Single Assessment (AU)

Written tests – theory (75% of the overall grade)

The theoretical concepts of the entire program will be evaluated. Students will be examined on the second part of the syllabus on the date set for the written test II of the continuous assessment with their classmates and will subsequently be examined on the theoretical part of the first part of the syllabus.

Scientific problems – PAUL (25% of the overall grade) These students will have to individually solve two scientific problems, corresponding to the two parts of the syllabus on the day of the written tests I & II (AU). With the understanding that students who will take AU do not attend the PAUL and, therefore, do not participate in the group work, each of these problems will have a weight of 12.5% of the overall grade.

To pass the subject you will need:

a) obtain a minimum grade of 4.5 (out of 10) in the theory section (75% of the overall grade) after weighting the grades of written test I and written test II. However, it is important to note that only those students with a grade equal to or greater than 4.0 (out of 10) in each of the written tests (I and II) will be able to weight them.

b ) that the weighted average of all sections (written tests + scientific problems) is equal to or greater than 5.0 points (out of 10).


Recovery Activities

Students who initially do not pass the subject through AC/AU may apply for retake. However, to participate in retake, students must have previously been assessed in a set of activities whose weight is equivalent to a minimum of two-thirds of the total grade for the module (67%).

The retake will consist of a multiple-choice exam, which will evaluate the achievement of the training objectives corresponding to the written-theory tests. All activities corresponding to scientific problems are excluded from the retake process. The different cases for presenting for retake may be:

- that the grade of the written tests I and/or II (AC) was less than 4.0 (out of 10).

- that the score obtained after the weighting of the written tests (AC) or the synthesis exam (AU) does not reach 4.5 (out of 10), or that the weighted average of the written tests + scientific problems is less than 5.0 points (out of 10). In these cases, students may choose to retake written test I and/or written test II. They must notify the teaching staff one week in advance of the retake date.

Those students who -having passed the subject via AC/AU- wish to apply to raise their grade, may do so as long as they inform the teaching staff one week in advance. It should be noted that in this context, students waive the grade obtained in the previous written tests.


Global Considerations of the Module

Students who do not pass the module (and the subject) will have their grade obtained in the problem classes (13% of the overall grade) retained and will be exempt from attending these classes. In the event that they wish to improve this grade, students must attend the problem classes again or must expressly inform the subject coordinator that 25% of the overall grade for the module will come solely from the individual resolution of the two scientific problems on the day of written test I and II. Each of these problems will have a weight of 12.5% of the overall grade (Total = 25% overall grade).


HISTOLOGY MODULE

The evaluation of academic achievements is not simple and must take into consideration whether a level of knowledge, skills, abilities and critical maturity has been acquired in accordance with the previously established. Competences of this module will be evaluated through continuous assessment, which include individual tests of theoretical and practical knowledge and evaluation of group seminars.The evaluation system is organized into two sections, each of which is evaluated in an independent and assigned a specific weight in the final grade of the subject:

Written tests (80% of the overall mark): In this section, the knowledge obtained by each student is evaluated individually with test-type exams. A written test will be done at the end of the contents of the Histology program. Students who have obtained a grade lower than 4 (out of 10) in this test will not be able to weight it with the grade obtained in the seminars and, therefore, they will have to perform the final test of recovery.

Seminars (20% of the global grade): This section assesses the capacity for analysis and synthesis of students of each group, as well as the skills of group work and oral presentation. Seminars will not have a recovery test. Seminars will be evaluated as follows:

Report 30% The teacher evaluates (out of 10) the works delivered by the students on the day of the seminar
Oral presentation 50% The teacher evaluates (out of 10) the skills of each group of students in thepresentation of the work
Inter-group evaluation 20% Each group of students evaluates (out of 10) the groups that perform the oral presentation
TOTAL 100%

Attendance at seminars is mandatory. In case of missing class for unjustified reasons there will be a penaltyin the seminar note: absence 1 session = reduction of 20% of the grade; absence 2 sessions = reduction of 40% of the grade; absence ≥3 sessions = reduction of 80% of the grade.

The histology module's recovery test will consist of a test type test of the whole theoretical programme.

In order to pass the Histology module, it will be essential to obtain a final grade, after the weighting of all the sections (written tests + seminars), equal or superior to 5 points (out of a total of 10).

Histology Module Considerations

Students who do not pass the module will retain the grade they have obtained in the seminars and will be exempt from attending these classes. This exemption will be maintained for a period of two additional registrations (3 registrations in total).


GLOBAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE SUBJECT

A student will be considered as “Non-evaluated” when the assessment activities performed have a weight lesser than 67% in the qualification of the final score of the course or module.

For this course, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is permitted exclusively for support tasks, such as bibliographic or information searches, for seminar activities and/or problem-solving. Students must clearly identify which parts were generated using this technology, specify the tools used, and include a critical reflection on how these tools influenced the process and the final result of the activity. Lack of transparency regarding the use of AI in this assessable activity will be considered academic dishonesty and may result in a partial or full penalty on the activity grade, or more severe sanctions in serious cases.

Any irregularity committed during an assessment (academic fraud, plagiarism, or misuse of AI, unless expressly authorized in the course syllabus) that could lead to a significant change in the grade will result in a grade of 0 for that assessment. If the course syllabus stipulates that passing the course requires committing several irregularities in the assessments of the same course, the final grade for that course will be 0. Furthermore, disciplinary proceedings may be initiated against any student who commits any of these irregularities.

NB: This text has not been proofreading by a native English, so in case of any doubt or incongruity, the information provided in the Catalan/Spanish version will prevail.

Bibliography

MODULE I. Cell Biology

Molecular Biology of the Cell (7th Edition). 2022

Bruce Alberts, Rebecca Heald, Alexander Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter. Norton & Company

Biología Molecular de la Célula (6ª Edición). 2016

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Morgan D, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Ediciones Omega S.A..


Molecular Cell Biology (9th Edition). 2021

Harvey Lodish; Arnold Berk; Chris A. Kaiser; Monty Krieger; Anthony Bretscher; Hidde Ploegh; Kelsey C. Martin; Michael Yaffe; Angelika Amon. Macmillan learning.

Biología Celular y Molecular (9ª Edición). 2023

Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Amon A, Martin KC. Editorial Médica Panamericana. (Enllaç aquest registre estudiants UAB, https://bibcercador.uab.cat/discovery/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=34CSUC_UAB:VU1&search_scope=MyInst_and_CI&tab=Everything&docid=alma991010836333506709)


Karp's Cell and Molecular Biology (9th Edition). 2021

Gerald Karp, Janet Iwasa, Wallace Marshall. Wiley.

Karp. Biología Celular y Molecular (8ª Edición). 2019

Gerald Karp, Janet Iwasa, Wallace Marshall. McGraw-Hill. (Enllaç aquest registre estudiants UAB, https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1c3utr0/cdi_proquest_ebookcentral_EBC5758841)


Essential Cell Biology (6th Edition). 2023

Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander Johnson, David Morgan, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter, Rebecca Heald. Norton & Company.

Introducción a la Biología Celular (5ª Edición). 2021

Alberts B, BrayD, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Editorial Médica Panamericana.


The Cell. A Molecular approach (9th Edition). 2023

Geoffrey Cooper and Kenneth Adams. Oxford University Press.

La Célula (8ª Edición). 2022

Cooper GM Marbán Libros S.L..


El contingut d’alguns llibres es pot consultar per internet al NCBI, a la següent adreça: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&itool=toolbar.


MODULE II. Cell Histology

Texto atlas de Histología (ed. McGraw Hill). Gartner, L.P. Hiatt, J.L.

Histología (ed. Panamericana). Geneser, F.

Histología básica (ed. Masson). Junqueira, L.C. y Carneiro, J.

Los tejidos del hombrey de los mamíferos (ed. McGraw Hill). Krstic, R.V.

Histología. Texto y atlas color con Biología celular y molecular (ed. Panamericana).Ross, M.H. y Pawlina, W

Histología humana (ed. Elsevier). Stevens, A. y Lowe, J. Sobotta Welsch Histología (ed. Panamericana). Welsch. U.

Biología Molecular de la Célula (5ª Edición). Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Ediciones Omega S.A. Barcelona. 2010

https://histologyguide.org//index.html

Software

n/a

Course groups and languages

The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE

Type of teaching Group Language Semester Shift
(TE) Theory 61 Catalan/Spanish first semester morning-mixed
(PAUL) Classroom practices 611 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(SEM) Seminars 611 Catalan/Spanish first semester morning-mixed
(PAUL) Classroom practices 612 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(SEM) Seminars 612 Catalan/Spanish first semester morning-mixed