In accordance with the course objectives, students will participate in a range of learning activities designed to help them achieve the intended knowledge and competencies. These activities are organized into three main categories.

Lectures

The lectures are intended to provide students with the fundamental concepts of the course. During these sessions, the instructor will present the core scientific content, which students are expected to complement through independent study, consultation of the recommended bibliography, and completion of the proposed learning activities.

Although lectures primarily constitute a one-way method of knowledge transfer from the instructor to the students, active participation will be encouraged through the discussion of case studies, questions, and other interactive classroom activities.

Throughout the semester, the instructor will also introduce and assign the exercises that students are expected to complete during the course.

Problem-Solving Sessions

A collection of exercises will be provided for students to work on throughout the semester. A selection of these exercises will be solved during the problem-solving sessions to demonstrate appropriate methodologies and problem-solving strategies.

These sessions will focus on discussing the solutions proposed by students based on their independent work, carried out either individually or in groups. Active participation will be encouraged, while the instructor will promote critical thinking and scientific reasoning to strengthen students' problem-solving abilities.

Continuous Assessment Activities

Throughout the course, students will complete a variety of learning and continuous assessment activities designed to reinforce and consolidate the concepts covered in class while fostering the development of the course learning outcomes and competencies.

These activities may include a wide range of tasks, such as exercises, quizzes, case studies, problem-solving activities, and both individual and group assignments. Whenever appropriate, innovative active-learning methodologies will be incorporated, including Challenge-Based Learning (CBL), the flipped classroom, gamification, and other student-centred teaching approaches.

Depending on the nature of the activity, these tasks may be carried out either inside or outside the classroom and must be submitted in the format and by the deadlines established by the instructor.

Completion and submission of all continuous assessment activities are mandatory and constitute an integral part of the course's continuous assessment.

Annotation: within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.

Assessment is based on continuous assessment, which aims to monitor students' learning progress, encourage continuous engagement throughout the semester, and verify the achievement of the course learning outcomes.

Assessment is individual and consists of the following components:

• Continuous assessment activities (15%): individual or group activities (such as exercises, quizzes, case studies, and other learning activities) designed to reinforce course content and develop the intended competencies.
• First midterm examination (35%): covers approximately the first third of the course content. A minimum mark of 4.0/10 is required.
• Second midterm examination (50%): covers the remainder of the course syllabus. A minimum mark of 4.0/10 is required.

To pass the course, students must obtain an overall final grade of at least 5.0/10 and a minimum mark of 4.0/10 in each midterm examination.

Students who do not pass the course, or who wish to improve their grade, may take the resit examination, which consists of two independent sections corresponding to the two midterm examinations. Students may resit either one or both sections.

To be eligible for the resit examination, students must have completed assessment activities accounting for at least 67% of the final course grade. Otherwise, they will receive a "Not Assessable" (NA) grade.

This course does not offer a single assessment option.

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools is permitted only as support for literature searches and information retrieval. Any use of AI in assessed activities must be explicitly acknowledged by identifying the tools used and describing their contribution to the work. Undeclared use of AI will be considered a breach of academic integrity and may result in a penalty in the assessment.

Any irregularity in an assessment activity (academic fraud, plagiarism, or unauthorized use of AI, unless such use is explicitly permitted in the course syllabus) that may lead to a significant alteration of the grade will result in a mark of 0 for that assessment. If the course syllabus establishes a minimum grade in that assessment as a mandatory requirement to pass the course, or if multiple irregularities are committed in assessment activities for the same course, the final grade for the course will be 0. In addition, disciplinary proceedings may be initiated against any student involved in such irregularities.