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Mineral Deposits

Code: 101051
Credits: 6
2026/2027
Degree programme Type Course
Geology OP 3

Contact lecturer

Name :
Isaac Corral Calleja
Email :
isaac.corral@uab.cat

Teaching staff

Maria Mercè Corbella Cordomi

Group languages

You can consult this information at the end of the document.

Prerequisites

1- It is essential to have successfully completed the course on Mineralogy.

2- It is important to have taken or simultaneously taking the courses of Petrology (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) and Structural Geology.

Objectives

  • To know the main types of ore deposits
  • To understand the ore deposits formational processes.
  • To comprehend and relate petrographic, geochemical, structural or hydrological data in order to deduce the ore forming processes and develop exploration strategies for ore deposits.
  • To learn how to use the reflected light microscope, to know the mineral optical properties as well as the method used to their identification.
  • To know how to identify the main ore minerals and textures of the different studied ore deposit types.
  • To deduce the mineral crystallization sequence and to know how to represent it in a paragenetic table.

Learning outcomes

  • CM36 (Propose solutions to the problems arising from the exploitation of geological resources in the context of the global energy transition.) Propose solutions to the problems arising from the exploitation of geological resources in the context of the global energy transition.
  • KM43 (Describe the areas of geology with special economic interest in today's industrialised societies.) Describe the areas of geology with special economic interest in today's industrialised societies.
  • KM44 (Differentiate the main geological materials in the Earth's crust that can be the object of profitable economic exploitation on a large scale.) Differentiate the main geological materials in the Earth's crust that can be the object of profitable economic exploitation on a large scale.
  • KM45 (Identify the orders of temporal magnitude of replacement and renewal of the accumulation of geological materials of economic interest.) Identify the orders of temporal magnitude of replacement and renewal of the accumulation of geological materials of economic interest.
  • SM42 (Use the different physicochemical properties of geological materials to estimate their real market value.) Use the different physicochemical properties of geological materials to estimate their real market value.
  • SM43 (Evaluate the feasibility of exploiting natural geological resources for commercial use.) Evaluate the feasibility of exploiting natural geological resources for commercial use.

Contents

Lectures:

1. Introduction

  • Course overview
  • Ore deposits in the current context
  • Mineral systems Approach
  • Classification of ore deposits


2. Study Techniques

  • Fieldwork
  • Geochemistry and geophysics
  • Laboratory techniques
  • Partitioning of trace elements, stable and radiogenic isotopes


3. Mineralizing Processes of Igneous and Metamorphic Origin

  • Mineral deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic rocks:
  • Chromitites
  • Magmatic copper-nickel massive sulfides and platinum group element-bearing sulfides
  • Mineral deposits associated with alkaline rocks:
  • Carbonatites
  • kimberlites
  • Mineral deposits formed through metamorphic processes
  • Orogenic Gold


4. Hydrothermal Mineralizing Processes


  • Metal transport and deposition mechanisms in aqueous environments
  • Ore deposits associated with felsic igneous rocks:
  • Pegmatites
  • Skarn
  • Porphyry copper
  • Tin-tungsten deposits
  • Deposits associated with volcanic rocks:
  • High-Sulfidation epithermal
  • Low-Sulfidation epithermal
  • Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS/VHMS) deposits
  • Deposits associated with sedimentary rocks:
  • Sedimentary-hosted massive sulfide (SHMS) deposits
  • Lead-zinc in carbonates (Mississippi Valley-Type; MVTs)
  • Red Beds
  • Uranium in sandstones and unconformities
  • Iron-Manganese accumulations


5. Surficial Mineralizing Processes

  • Mechanically concentrated deposits: Placers
  • Supergene enrichment deposits, and residual mineral deposits: Bauxites and Laterites)



Practical Sessions:


In the 11 practical sessions, students will examine the main characteristics of metallic ore minerals using reflected light microscopy. Activities include mineral recognition, interpretation of textures, cross-cutting relationships, hand specimen observation, and analysis of mineral parageneses for key ore deposit types.


Session 1: Reflected light optical microscope – operation and optical properties of minerals


Session 2: Mineral textures, cross-cutting relationships, and parageneses


Session 3: Mineral identification


Session 4: Chromitite and magmatic Cu-Ni massive sulfides


Session 5: Hydrothermal alteration


Session 6: Skarns


Session 7: Porphyry copper, high- and low-sulfidation epithermal deposits


Session 8: Massive sulfides (VMS and SEDEX)


Session 9: Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) and vein-type deposits


Session 10: Oolitic iron, Banded Iron Formation (BIF), and supergene enrichment


Session 11: Review session



Field Trip:


A one-day field trip is planned. During this trip, we will visit mineral deposits in Catalonia that correspond to the deposit types explained in class. The site to be visited is selected each year depending on the academic calendar of the Geology Degree and the Double Degree in Geology and Environmental Sciences, as well as the availability of the different mining companies.

Learning activities and methodology

Title Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
Exam preparation and tasks 82 3.28 CM36, KM43, KM44, KM45, SM42, SM43
Laboratory practical classes 22 0.88 KM44, KM45, SM42
Theoretical classes 22 0.88 CM36, KM43, KM44, KM45, SM42, SM43
Field work 7 0.28 KM44, KM45, SM42

The course is organized so that there are two theoretical sessions per week, each lasting 50 minutes, attended by the entire class, and one practical session per week lasting 110 minutes.

The theoretical sessions mainly consist of interactive lectures in which concepts are clarified, textures and ore deposit types are described, study techniques are summarized, and mineral deposit formation processes are presented. Students acquire the scientific and technical knowledge specific to the course through these classes and by supplementing them with independent study of the topics covered. These theoretical sessions are combined with the development of simple calculations to solve problems related to mineral deposits. Some short assignments are completed during theoretical sessions, while others of greater scope are finished outside class hours. These assignments involve reading short texts or scientific articles that students must understand and compare with prior information or with materials they must independently locate. Students must be able to summarize what they have learned and draw conclusions about the formation or exploration of mineral deposits. Most of these texts will be written in English. In addition to the course-specific bibliography, supplementary materials (graphs, photographs, maps, diagrams, etc.) will be made available to students through the Virtual Campus.

All materials used by the teaching staff in class will be available on the course Virtual Campus in an organized manner, properly labeled and with the corresponding references. Students are encouraged to consult the recommended bibliography and links regularly in order to consolidate the contents explained in class.

Both the laboratory practicals and the fieldwork facilitate the understanding and consolidation of the theoretical content of the course. Practical sessions are held in the Microscopy Laboratory, where students will learn to work with the reflected-light microscope, study the optical properties of metallic ores, learn to identify the main opaque minerals, and interpret their textures. Hand specimens of host rocks, ore and gangue minerals from representative mineral deposits of the most significant deposit types will also be examined. To help students understand the different types of mineral deposits covered in the course, practical sessions will include samples corresponding to the deposits described that same day in the theoretical lecture. In addition, during the study week prior to examinations, review practical sessions may be held with the occasional presence of the instructor.

The fieldwork component of the Mineral Deposits course is mandatory and will consist of a one-day field trip. The trip will be organized to visit several nearby mineral deposits of geological interest. During the excursion, students will visit mines (active or abandoned), produce geological cross-sections of outcrops, and practice the visual identification of minerals. Special attention will also be given to identifying and interpreting textural relationships and cross-cutting relationships between the host rock, mineralization, and alteration.

Note: Fifteen minutes of a class session, scheduled according to the timetable established by the faculty or degree program, will be reserved for students to complete evaluations of the teaching activity of the instructors and assessments of the course or module.

Annotation: within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.

Assessment

Continuous assessment activities

Title Weight Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
partial exams of theoretical concepts and problems 35% 4 0.16 CM36, KM43, KM44, KM45, SM42, SM43
global exam 10% 3 0.12 CM36, KM43, KM44, KM45, SM42, SM43
practical exam 40% 2 0.08 KM44, KM45
Individual tasks and field work exam 15% 8 0.32 CM36, KM45

During the course, two thematic exams will be performed to assess the knowledge acquired in the theoretical classes. Additionally, students will be required to complete several assignments (either individually or in groups), as well as some tests, and a fieldwork exam. At the end of the course, students who failed the thematic exams will have the opportunity to retake them on the date set by the Faculty (Note: online activities are not recoverable). On this date, a final/global exam will be mandatory for all students. All partial and final exams will consist of short-answer questions that can be completed with the help of books and notes. Some questions may include simple calculation problems.

The practical laboratory component will be assessed through a practical exam at the end of the practical sessions, conducted in the microscopy lab itself. The exam will consist of mineral identification, description of textures in polished sections, and recognition of metallic ores in hand samples. This practical exam can be retaken on a date set by the lecturer. It will be open-note, allowing the use of diagrams and notes created by the student during the practical sessions.

There will also be a fieldwork exam at the end of the field trip.

The practical exam will count for 40% of the final grade, the theory and problem partial exams for 35%, the progress in assignments and the field exam for 15%, and a final comprehensive exam for the remaining 10%. If a student does not achieve a minimum grade (4 out of 10) in each of the major assessments, the weighting system will not apply, and the student will fail the course.

If a student requests a single evaluation (in the form and date determined by the Faculty), they will take an exam consisting of a theory test (50%), a practical exam on mineral recognition in hand specimens and under the microscope, with an oral evaluation (40%), and a fieldwork exam (10%). The date of this exam will be the same as the last theory partial exam of the subject.Attendance at the field trip and at 70% of the practical sessions will be mandatory.

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools is strictly prohibited in all phases of this course. Any assignment containing AI-generated content will be considered a violation of academic integrity and may result in partial or full grade penalties, or more serious disciplinary action in severe cases.

The commission of any irregularity in an assessment activity (academic fraud, plagiarism, or improper use of AI, unless such use is expressly authorized in the course guide) that could lead to a significant alteration of the grade will result in that assessment activity being awarded a grade of 0. If the course guide stipulates that obtaining a minimum grade in that assessment activity is an essential requirement for passing the course, or if multiple irregularities occur in the assessment activities of the same course, the final grade for the course will be 0. Furthermore, independently of the academic consequences described above, disciplinary proceedings may be initiated against any student who commits any of these irregularities.

Bibliography

References for Lecture Sessions (highlighted the most recommended)

- BARNES, H.L. (1997). Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits (3ª edició). John Wiley & sons, Inc.

- CRAIG, J.R., VAUGHAN, D.J, and SKINNER, B.J. (2001). Resources of the Earth. Origin, use and environmental impact. Prentice Hall.

- EDWARDS, R. and ATKINSON, K (1986). Ore deposits geology. Chapman and Hall.

- EVANS, A.M. (1997). An introduction to Economic Geology and its environmental impact. Blackwell Scientific Publications.

- GROVES, D.I., SANTOSH, M. (2023). Mineral Systems, Earth Evolution and Global Metallogeny. Elsevier.

- KESLER, S.E. and SIMON, A.C. (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University Press.

- KRAUSKOPF, K.B. and BIRD, D.K. (1995). Introduction to geochemistry (3ª edició). McGraw-Hill.

- MOON, C.J., WHATELEY, M.K.G., and EVANS, A.M. (2006). Introduction to Mineral Exploration. Blackwell Publishing.

- MULLER, D., GROVES, D.I., SANTOSH,M. (2024). Metallic Mineral Resources. Elsevier.

- PARK, C.F. and MACDIARMID, R.A. (1975). Ore Deposits. W.H. Freeman and Company.

- PIRANJO, F. (2009). Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems. Springer.

- RIDLEY, J. (2013). Ore deposit geology. Cambridge University Press (llibre electrònic).

- ROBB, L. (2005). Introduction to ore-forming processes. Blackwell Publishing.


References for Practical Sessions (highlighted the most recommended)

- AUGUSITHIS, S.S.P. (1995). Atlas of the textural paterns of ore minerals and metallogenic processes. Walter de Gruyter & Co.

- BASTIN, E.S. (1953). Interpretation of ore textures. The Geological Society of America.

- CASTROVIEJO, R. (2023). A Practical Guide to Ore Microscopy – Volume 1. Springer.

- CASTROVIEJO, R. (2023). A Practical Guide to Ore Microscopy – Volume 2. Springer.

- INESON, P.R. (1989). Introduction to practical ore microscopy. Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group).

- LOPEZ-GARCÍA, J.A. (2019). Microscopía práctica de minerales opacos. Ediciones GEMM Universidad Complutense de Madrid.

- LUFKIN, J.L. (2012). Ore mineralogy and microscopy. Golden Publishers.

- MARSHALL, D., ANGLIN, C.D., and MUMIN, H. (2004). Ore Mineral Atlas. Geological Association of Canada.

- NEUMANN, U. (2019). Guide for the microscopical identification of ore and gangue minerals. Tübingen University Press.

- PRACEJUS, B. (2015). The ore minerals under the microscope. Elsevier.

- TAYLOR, R. (2009). Ore Textures. Springer.

- THOMPSON, A.J.B. and THOMPSON, J.F.H. (1996). Atlas of alteration. Geological Association of Canada.


Recommended webpages

BARTHELMY, D. Mineralogy database. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Disponible a: https://webmineral.com/

DA MOMMIO, A. Alex Strekeisen. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Disponible a: https://www.alexstrekeisen.it/english/index.php

GRUP MINERALÓGIC CATALÀ. MinerAtlas. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Disponible a: https://mineratlas.com/

IXER R.A. and DULLER, P.R. Virtual atlas of opaque and ore minerals and their associations. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Disponible a: http://www.atlas-of-ore-minerals.com/

ORE DEPOSITS HUB. Open Geoscience Talks on Ore Deposits. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Disponible a: https://www.youtube.com/@oredepositshub8762

RALPH, J., CHAU, I. Mineralogy database. [Accessed: July 7th 2026. Disponible a: http://www.mindat.org/

TAIJA TORVELA, Our Metallic Earth. Disponible a [Accessed: July 7th 2026]: https://www.youtube.com/@ourmetallicearth

UNIVERSITAT DE GINEBRA. Mineral Resources and Geofluids. Lluís Fontboté. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Disponible a: https://www.unige.ch/sciences/terre/research/Groups/mineral_resources/opaques/opaques_menu.php

UNIVERSIDAD DE VIGO. Menas metálicas al microscopio. Ricardo Castroviejo. [Accessed: July 8th 2024]. Disponible a: https://coleccion.menas.webs.uvigo.es/


Social Networks

ALEXSTRECKEISEN. Instagram minerals under optical microscope. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/alexstrekeisen/

BCNSGASEGSC. Instagram of the ore deposit students fom UB. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/bcnsgasegsc/

EXMODE_CSIC. Instagram of the ore depòsits model research group (CSIC Madrid). [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/exmode_csic/

I_LOVEORE. Instagram minerals opacs al microscopi sortides de camp de jaciments minerals. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Disponible a: https://www.instagram.com/i_loveore/

MICROPTICA. Instagram minerals under Optical microscope. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/microptica/

OREDEPOSITSHUB. Instagram ore deposit open talks. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/oredepositshub/

SEM_MINERALOGIA. Instagram of the Sociedad Española de Mineralogía. [Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/sem_mineralogia/

SOCIETYOFECONOMICGEOLOGISTS. Instagram of the SEG.[Accessed: July 7th 2026]. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/societyofeconomicgeologists/

Software

There is no need for specific software.

Course groups and languages

The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE

Type of teaching Group Language Semester Shift
(TE) Theory 1 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 1 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(PCAM) Field practices 1 Catalan first semester morning-mixed