Contents

Topic 1. From Independence to the Oligarchic State (1833–1920)

1. The Problem of National Identity in Latin America

1.1. The Construction of National Identity

1.2. The New Ibero-American States and the Indigenous Question

1.2.1. The Indigenous Question in Mexico

1.2.2. The Indigenous Question in Argentina

1.3. National Identity from 1910 Onward

2. Consolidation and Reconstruction: Problems of the Various American States

2.1. The Fragmentation of Hispanic America

2.2. The Initial Formation of Latin American Nation-States

2.3. Caudillismo (Rule of Strongmen)

2.4. The Economic and Social Consequences of Independence in Latin America

3. The Oligarchic Era in Latin America

3.1. The Integration of Latin America into the Global Market

3.2. The Impact of the First World War on the Continent

3.3. The Oligarchic Order in Latin America

Topic 2. The Crisis of the Oligarchic State and New Revolutionary Ideas (1920–1940)

1. Forms of State in Latin America: From Democracies to Dictatorships

1.1. Democracies

1.2. Military Regimes

2. The United States as a Hemispheric Power

3. Theoretical Background of the Guerrilla Movements of the 1970s and 1980s: Thought and Revolution

3.1. Introduction: The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)

3.2. Radical Peruvian Culture: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and José Carlos Mariátegui

3.2.1. Peru (1930–1940)

3.2.2. Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre

3.2.3. José Carlos Mariátegui

3.3. Nicaragua (1910–1934)

3.4. El Salvador (1920–1932)

4. The First Populisms and National-Populisms Prior to Those of the 1940s and 1950s

4.1. Mexico (1930–1940)

4.1.1. The Situation Prior to National-Populism: The Government of Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928)

4.1.2. The National Revolutionary State of Lázaro Cárdenas

4.4. Argentina (1928–1930)

5. Latin American Fascism: Right-Wing Revolutionary Nationalism

Topic 3. Background and First Phase of the Cold War (1930–1960)

1. The Cold War

1.1. Characteristics of the Cold War

1.2. The United States and the Good Neighbor Policy

2. The Populist Phenomenon in Brazil: The Vargas Era (1930–1945)

2.1. The Vargas Era (1930–1945): Periods and Phases

2.2. The New Republic (1930–1937)

2.3. The Estado Novo Dictatorship (1937–1945)

2.4. Liberal Presidential Democracy (1945–1954)

3. From the End of Yrigoyen’s Populism to Perón’s Populism in Argentina (1930–1955)

3.1. Politics under Uriburu and Justo (1930–1938)

3.2. Argentina during World War II

3.3. The Rise of Perón (1943–1946)

3.4. Perón’s Government (1946–1955)

4. From Alessandri’s Government to Ibañista Populism: Chile (1920–1958)

4.1. Alessandri’s Government (1920–1925)

4.2. Military Intervention and the New Constitution of 1925

4.3. The Dictatorship of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927–1931)

4.4. Arturo Alessandri’s Second Presidency (1932–1938)

4.5. The Popular Front (1938–1941)

4.6. Continuation of the Radical Government (1942–1952)

4.7. The Return of Ibáñez (1952–1958)

5. From the Sergeants’ Revolt to the Bearded Revolution: Cuba (1933–1959)

5.1. Introduction: Cuba before the Rise of Fulgencio Batista (1898–1933)

5.2. The Sergeants’ Revolt and Batista’s Governments (1933–1953)

5.3. The Bearded Revolution (1953–1959)

Topic 4. Between Reformist Militarism and National Security States: Heterogeneous Military Corporatism (1960–1980)

1. United States Foreign Policy (1960–1980)

1.1. The Alliance for Progress

1.2. The National Security Doctrine

1.3. Operation Condor

2. Cuba: The Consolidation of Revolutionary Power (1959–1980)

2.1. Cuban Foreign Policy (1959–1962)

2.2. Cuban Domestic Policy (1959–1980)

2.3. The Figure of Fidel Castro (1959–1980)

2.4. Social Trends (1959–1980)

2.5. Exporting the Revolution

3. Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America: The Cases of Nicaragua, Colombia, and Uruguay

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Nicaragua: From the Somoza Dynasty to the Sandinista Government (1934–1979)

3.2.1. Introduction

3.2.2. Consolidation of Somoza’s Government (1934–1951)

3.2.3. Economic Transformation and the Establishment of the Somoza Dynasty (1951–1971)

3.2.4. The Fall of the Dynasty (1972–1979)

3.2.5. Consolidation of the Sandinista Government (1980)

3.3. Colombia: From the “Independent Republics” to the Emergence and Early Actions of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia–People’s Army (FARC-EP) (1958–1980)

3.3.1. Introduction

3.3.2. From the Independent Republics and Operation Marquetalia to the First Appearance of the FARC (1958–1964)

3.3.3. Evolution of the Armed Struggle of the FARC-EP (1964–1980)

3.3.4. The Origin of the National Liberation Army (ELN) (1964)

4. Chile (1958–1980)

4.1. The Conservative as Technocrat: The Presidency of Jorge Alessandri (1958–1964)

4.2. Revolution in Liberty: The Presidency of Eduardo Frei (1964–1970)

4.3. The “Chilean Road to Socialism”: The Presidency of Salvador Allende (1970–1973)

4.4. Pinochet’s Military Coup (1973)

4.5. Pinochet’s Chile: Laissez-Faire Economics and an Authoritarian State (1973–1980)

5. From the Presidency of Arturo Frondizi to Argentina’s Military Junta (1958–1983)

5.1. From the Presidency of Arturo Frondizi to the Argentine Revolution (1958–1966)

5.2. The Argentine Revolution (1966–1973)

5.3. The Return and Fall of Peronism (1973–1976)

5.4. The National Reorganization Process (1976–1983)

6. Reformist Militarism in Peru (1962–1980)

6.1. Background to Reformist Militarism (1930–1961)

6.2. The Elections of 1962–1963 and Belaúnde Terry’s First Presidency (1963–1968)

6.3. Military Government and “Revolution from Above” (1968–1975)

6.4. The “Second Phase” of the Military Government and the Transition to Civilian Rule (1975–1980)

7. Reformist Militarism in Bolivia (1964–1971)

7.1. Military Government (1964–1978)

8. Paraguay (1946–1989)

8.1. Coalition Government and Civil War (1946–1947)

8.2. The Colorado Party in Power (1947–1954)

8.3. The State and the Party under the Stroessner Regime (1954–1989)

9. Uruguay (1972–1985)

9.1. The Military Regime (1972–1985)

Topic 5. The End of the Cold War and the Difficult Transitions to Democracy (1980–2000)

1. United States Foreign Policy (1980–2000)

1.1. The Reagan Doctrine (1981–1989)

1.2. New World Order Diplomacy under George H.W. Bush (1989–1993)

1.3. The Period of Globalization under Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

2. Chile: From Military Dictatorship to the Return of Democracy (1980–2000)

2.1. Political Renewal and the End of the Dictatorship (1982–1990)

2.2. The Presidency of Patricio Aylwin Azócar (1990–1994)

2.3. The Presidency of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994–2000)

3. Argentina: From Raúl Alfonsín to Carlos Menem (1983–1999)

3.1. The Government of Raúl Alfonsín (1983–1989)

3.2. The Government of Carlos Menem: The Triumph of Neoliberalism (1989–1999)

4. Nicaragua: Revolution and Counterrevolution: The Sandinista Government and the Contra War (1979–2002)

4.1. From the Government Junta of National Reconstruction to Daniel Ortega’s First Government (1979–1990)

4.2. From the Government of Violeta Barrios de Chamorro to Arnaldo Alemán Lacayo (1990–2002)

5. Cuba Stands Alone (1980–2000)

5.1. The Impact of the Decline and Collapse of the USSR on Cuba (1980–1991)

5.2. Post-Soviet Cuba (1991–1999)

5.3. Exiles, Opponents, and Dissidents (1999–2000)

Topic 6. Latin America in the 21st Century

6.1. The Rise of Neo-Populism: The Transformation of Peronism into Kirchnerism

6.2. The Indigenous Challenge: Multinational Constitutionalism (Chile and Bolivia)

6.3. The Renewal of Revolutionary Nationalism: Chavista and Madurista Venezuela

6.4. The Difficult — Perhaps Impossible — Pacification of Revolutionary Guerrillas and Drug Trafficking