
Biophysics
Code: 102962Credits: 7
| Degree programme | Type | Course |
|---|---|---|
| Medicine | FB | 1 |
Contact lecturer
- Name :
- David Garcia Quintana
- Email :
- davidg.quintana@uab.cat
Teaching staff
- Neus Calaf Gonzalo
- Ana Perez Berna
- Silvia Lope Piedrafita
- David Garcia Quintana
- Josep Bartomeu Cladera Cerdà
- Carlos Barcia Gonzalez
- Patricia Carolina Gutierrez Neira
- Maria Isabel Marin Garcia
- Nuria Benseny Cases
- Bruna Calsina Pla-Giribert
- Miguel Angel Maria Solano
- Montserrat Santandreu Gelabert
Group languages
You can consult this information at the end of the document.
Prerequisites
To profit the most from the course, the student should either possess or make the effort to acquire, the theoretical knowledge and the problem-solving competencies corresponding to higher secondary school courses in Physics and Mathematics.
Objectives
The Biophysics course is part of the basic training in the first two years of the medical degree.
One of its main objectives is to explain the physical basis of the functioning of some of the organs and systems of the human body that have a strong physical component, both in health and under certain pathological conditions.
Another primary objective is to explain the physical bases of diagnostic and intervention techniques that define modern medicine, such as magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging, electrocardiograms, hemodialysis, and audiometric tests.
Finally, the course provides a physical foundation useful for other basic courses such as Medical Physiology or Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System, as well as for clinical specialties such as Pathophysiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Cardiology, Pulmonology, Otorhinolaryngology, and Ophthalmology.
Learning outcomes
- Identify the basic processes of life on various levels of organisation: molecule, tissue, organ and individual.
- Identify the physical principles that help to understand the functioning of the organism, at both cell and tissue level.
- Identify the rules that govern energy transfer in the chemical processes of the human organism.
- Explain the physical bases of the structure and function of the systems of the human organism.
- Identify alterations to the structure and function of the biomolecules involved in vision.
- Use specific bibliographic sources and databases on biophysics to work independently on acquiring further knowledge.
- Demonstrate, in professional activity, a perspective that is critical, creative and research-oriented.
- Formulate hypotheses and compile and critically assess information for problem-solving, using the scientific method.
- Communicate clearly, orally and in writing, with other professionals and the media.
- Demonstrate a sufficient command of English, both oral and written, for effective scientific and professional communication.
- Use information and communication technologies in professional practice.
Contents
Unit 1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS AND ELASTICITY
Statics: Balance of a body. Equilibrium conditions. Mechanical advantage of levers. Joints and degrees of freedom.
Gravity and balance: Effects of gravity on the human body. Centre of gravity and body balance. Gravitational line and base of support.
Action of forces on solids: Elasticity and Hooke's law. Energy of elastic deformation. Inelastic bodies and residual deformation. Viscoelasticity. Traction, compression, shearing, torsion and bending.
Physical properties of bones: Bone elasticity and resistance. Architectural arrangement of bones.
Seminar: Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System: A Clinical Approach to Bone Injury.
Unit 2. BIOPHYSICS OF BLOOD CIRCULATION
Pressure: Hydrostatic pressure as energy per unit of volume. Arterial pressures. Hydrostatic pressure in the systemic the pulmonary circuits. Ventricular pressures throughout the cardiac cycle. Opening and closing pressures of cardiac valves.
Viscous resistance and Poiseuille's equation: Blood viscosity. Shear stress. Viscous resistance. Poiseuille's equation. Systemic vascular resistance. Resistances in series and parallel. Continuity equation. Effects of stenoses. Laminar and turbulent flows. Physics of aneurysm. Physics of atherogenesis.
Blood vessels: Vascular wall tension and Laplace's law. Physics of vascular rupture. Vascular compliance.
Seminar: Collaborative team work to apply the acquired theoretical foundations to understand various medically relevant scenarios. Physical principles of the electrocardiogram.
Unit 3. BIOPHYSICS OF RESPIRATION
Ventilatory mechanics: Lung volumes and capacities. Mechanical pressures in ventilation. Basic respiratory cycle. Pulmonary compliance.
Partial pressures and alveolar exchange: Partial pressure. Inspired air conditioning. Alveolar diffusion and Fick's law. Principles of oxygen therapy. P/F ratio. Blood oxygenation in health and limitations in pathological alterations. V̇/Q ratio.
Respiratory resistance and ventilatory work: Airway resistance. Work of breathing. Obstructive and restrictive patterns. Alveolar surface tension and Laplace’s law. Role of pulmonary surfactant.
Seminar: Collaborative team work to apply the acquired theoretical bases to understand different medically relevant scenarios. Physical principles of mechanical ventilation. Practice with a mechanical ventilation training simulator.
Unit 4. PHYSICAL FOUNDATIONS OF RADIATION - MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Nature and properties of electromagnetic waves: Electromagnetic spectrum. Production and general properties of X-rays. Fundamentals of radiology.
Radioactive emission: Activity. Types of particles and interaction with matter.
Ionisation: Biological effects. Dosimetry and survival curves.
Medical applications: Imaging techniques (Gammagraphy; DXA -dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-; PET -positron emission tomography-; MRI -magnetic resonance imaging.
Seminars (two): Radiotherapy with practical cases; Cases of radioactivity effects.
Unit 5. BIOPHYSICS OF VISION
Geometrical Optics: Basic principles of geometrical optics. Converging and diverging lenses. Image formation in optical systems. Relationship between optical power and focal length.
The Eye as an Optical System: Structure of the eye and its main optical parameters. Mechanism of lens accommodation. Maximum and minimum optical power of the eye, near point and far point, amplitude of accommodation.
Refractive Errors and Optical Disorders of Vision: Myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Physical principles underlying the correction of refractive errors. Cataract: effects on optical image quality and corrective approaches.
Photoreceptors and Color Vision: Functional organization of retinal photoreceptors. Visual acuity. Phototransduction process. Color vision and the main abnormalities of color perception.
Seminar: Optical Assessment of Vision: Practical exercises focused on the interpretation of basic optometric assessment data. Calculation of functional visual parameters (near point, far point, and amplitude of accommodation) from lens prescriptions.
Unit 6. DIFFUSION PHENOMENA - OSMOSIS AND DIALYSIS
Physical principles: Simple diffusion and kinetic-molecular theory. Fick's law and diffusion coefficient. Diffusion through membranes. Osmosis, principles and applications. Dialysis, mechanisms and applications.
Seminar: Study of clinical cases involving diffusion disorders. Osmotic imbalance case studies.
Unit 7. BIOPHYSICS OF VOICE PRODUCTION AND HEARING
Physics of Voice Production: Aerodynamic–myoelastic theory of phonation. Simple and complex sounds. Harmonics and frequency spectrum. Resonances of the vocal tract and vowel formants.
Physical Nature of Voice and Auditory Perception: Pitch and sound intensity, perception of loudness, and the decibel scale. Hearing thresholds and thresholds for auditory damage. Interpretation of the audiogram.
Audiology and Physical Bases of Auditory Analysis: Acoustic impedance and impedance matching in the middle ear. Tonotopic organization of the basilar membrane and analysis of complex sounds in the inner ear.
Seminar: Hearing Loss and Hearing Aids: Interpretation of audiograms corresponding to the most prevalent types of hearing loss, relationship between the characteristics of hearing loss and sound perception, physical principles of tympanometry (impedance audiometry) for the assessment of middle ear function. Types of hearing aids and their operating principles. Simulation of auditory perception through cochlear implants.
Learning activities and methodology
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tutorials | 3 | 0.12 | |
| Theory classes (TE) | 35 | 1.4 | |
| Independent study and problem-solving based on illustrative examples | 84.5 | 3.38 | |
| Work to prepare the cases and problems for the seminar sessions; preparation of the laboratory practices | 12 | 0.48 | |
| Laboratory practices (PLAB) | 15.5 | 0.62 | |
| Seminars (SEM) | 14.5 | 0.58 |
Theory classes (TE): Plenary lectures.
Seminars (SEM): Active, meaningful, collaborative peer-learning, to transform knowledge into competencies. Study and discussion of scenarios, cases and problems of medical interest. Work is carried out in collaborative teams of 4-5 students. It is of utmost importance that the student studies the theory of the corresponding unit prior to the session -access to the session will not be permitted without verification of this preparatory work. In some cases, contents not covered in the theory classes will also be addressed and evaluated. There are 8 seminars associated with the different units. Although attendance is not compulsory, many of the competencies evaluated in the exams are acquired through the work that the student performs in the seminars.
Laboratory practices (PLAB): Five sessions where phenomena studied in theory classes and seminars are visualized and manipulated. Depending on the practice, work is carried out either in pairs or in collaborative teams. It is of utmost importance that the student studies the theory of the corresponding unit prior to the session.
- PLAB1 - Biomechanics of the Ankle (associated with Unit 1).
- PLAB2 - Model of the Systemic Vascular Circulation (associated with Unit 2).
- PLAB3 - Physics of Medical Ultrasound (autonomous unit, theoretical basis acquired during the practice).
- PLAB4 - Vision Optics (associated with Unit 5).
- PLAB5 - Voice and Hearing (associated with Unit 7).
Assessment
Continuous assessment activities
| Title | Weight | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Written reports - Laboratory practicals results. | 10% of the overall mark | 2.5 | 0.1 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 |
| Partial 3 - Objective multiple choice test to evaluate theoretical and practical knowledge, and reasoning and problem solving competencies, Units 6 and 7 (lectures, seminars and lab session). | 23% of the partial-exam component | 2 | 0.08 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 |
| Partial 2 - Objective multiple choice test to evaluate theoretical and practical knowledge, and reasoning and problem solving competencies, Units 4 and 5 (lectures, seminars and lab session). | 35% of the partial-exam component | 2.5 | 0.1 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 |
| Partial 1 - Objective multiple choice test to evaluate theoretical and practical knowledge, and reasoning and problem solving competencies, Units 1, 2 and 3 (lectures, seminars and lab sessions) + ultrasound imaging lab. | 42% of the partial-exam component | 3.5 | 0.14 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 |
Continuous Assessment
The subject will be assessed throughout the course with three partial exams (P1, P2, and P3), which eliminate the assessed material from subsequent partial exams. Each of these partial exams will consist of an objective test aimed at demonstrating the integration of theoretical knowledge and the acquisition of practical skills from the corresponding seminars and laboratory practices. The tests will consist of multiple-choice questions with 4 answers, of which 1, 2, or 3 can be correct; incorrect answers will be penalized proportionally.
The scores for the partial exams must be equal to or greater than 4.5 to be averaged. This threshold, set below the passing grade (5.0), aims to ensure that no student feels penalized by a minimal difference of one or two tenths. Therefore, scores below 4.5 will not be negotiable.
The final grade for the subject will be obtained using the following formula: (P1*0.42 + P2*0.34 + P3*0.24)*0.9 + PLABs reports grade*0.1.
To pass the subject, the final grade must be equal to or greater than 5.0.
Make-up Exams
In the case of not passing the subject through continuous assessment, there is the option to re-evaluate the exams corresponding to the partial exams that have obtained a grade lower than 4.5.
It is important to note that, in accordance with Article 261.2 of the UAB Academic Regulations, to be eligible to participate in the makeup exam, students must have been previously assessed in a set of activities representing at least two-thirds of the total course grade.
The make-up exams will have the same format and objectives as the partial exams.
If more than one partial must be retaken, a single exam will be held with a single score, to which the combined percentage corresponding to those partial exams will be applied in the calculation of the overall grade. To be averaged, the score of this exam must be equal to or greater than 4.5. This threshold, set below the passing grade (5.0), aims to ensure that no student feels penalized by a minimal difference of one or two tenths. Therefore, scores below 4.5 will not be negotiable.
To pass the subject after the make-up exams, the final average must reach a minimum grade of 5.0 (grade including the exams and practicals according to the same calculation indicated above). If the grade obtained in the retake exam is below 4.5, the average will not be calculated, and the final grade for the course will be the grade obtained in the retake exam.
Students with partial scores equal to or greater than 4.5, but with an overall average lower than 5.0 (grade including the practicals according to the formula indicated above), can opt for the make-up of the partial exams they consider, by communicating their choice in advance to the coordinator by UAB email. In this case, the final score(s) of the partial(s) will always be the one obtained in the last exam.
Students with an overall grade equal to or higher than 5.0 from continuous evaluation, cannot take make-up exams to improve their grade (UAB Academic Regulations, Article 266.6: “Once the course is passed, it cannot be re-evaluated.”)
Single Assessment
The single evaluation consists of a single synthesis test that covers all the contents in the course. Objective test with multiple choice items, with 4 answers, of which 1, 2 or 3 can be true; incorrect answers will be penalized proportionally.
The test consists of two blocks:
- Evaluation of the integrated learning of theoretical knowledge plus practical skills acquired in the seminars and in the laboratory practices. 90% of the mark.
- Specific evaluation of the understanding of the concepts visualized in the laboratory practices. 10% of the mark.
The make-up exam will coincide with the date and time set in the Faculty calendar for the make-up exams of continuous assessment.
To pass the course, the final mark must be equal to or higher than 5.0.
In case the test does not reach the 5.0 mark, a retake test, with the same single evaluation format, will be held on the same day and time set in the Faculty calendar for the continuous assessment.
Language of Exam Questions
The questions for the first partial exam will be bilingual (Catalan and Spanish). The questions for the remaining exams will be provided in Catalan.
Students classified as “Not Evaluable”
Students who have only taken one of the partial exams will be considered "Not Evaluable".
Exam Review Procedure
After each exam, the solutions will be published and a period will be opened to submit appeals regarding possible discrepancies. Subsequently, once the provisional grades have been communicated, a new period will be opened for the review of individual grades.
Proof of Participation
If needed for employment-related reasons, the student may request a document certifying the participation in the various evaluation activities. The request must be sent by UAB email to the course coordinator.
Misconduct
Any irregularity committed in an assessment activity —academic fraud, plagiarism, or improper use of AI, unless such use is expressly authorised in the course guide— that may lead to a significant change in the grade shall result in that assessment activity being awarded a grade of 0. If the course guide establishes that passing the course requires obtaining a minimum grade in that assessment activity, or if several irregularities occur in the assessment activities of the same course, the final grade for the course shall be 0. In addition, disciplinary proceedings may be initiated against any student who commits any of these irregularities.
Justification of absences from compulsory activities
Rescheduling will only be granted for reasons of force majeure recognised by the Faculty regulations —illness preventing attendance, the death of an immediate family member, or a court summons—, provided that these reasons are duly documented and that rescheduling is materially possible. In the case of illness, only a signed medical certificate will be accepted, including the physician’s name and medical registration number, stating that the student was not fit to attend the activity on that date. Incomplete certificates or simple proof-of-attendance documents from the a medical centre will not be accepted. Supporting documentation must be submitted at the time of the absence or as soon as possible thereafter. Documentation submitted outside this period, for example at the end of the course, will not be accepted.
Bibliography
GENERAL
Physics of the Human Body. I.P. Herman (2007). Springer. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1eqfv2p/alma991010401169706709
Medical Physics. Physical Aspects of Organs and Imaging. H. Zabel (2017). De Gruyter Textbook. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1eqfv2p/alma991010485419506709
Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology. R.K. Hobbie & B.J. (2007), Springer. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/rokuu2/cdi_askewsholts_vlebooks_9780387498850 (more advanced level)
Tratado de Fisiología Médica. J.E. Hall & M.E. Hall (2026). Elsevier. e-llibre: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1fbc57r/alma991011327119306709
Hyperphysics. An introductory resource to Physics: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/index.html
ADDITIONAL SPECIFIC
Unit 1: Fundamentals of Biomechanics. D. Knudson (2021). Springer Books. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/discovery/fulldisplay/cdi_springer_books_10_1007_978_3_030_51838_7/34CSUC_UAB:VU1
Unit 2: The Mechanics of the Circulation. C.G. Caro et al. (2011). Cambridge University Press. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1c3utr0/cdi_askewsholts_vlebooks_9781139013406
Unit 3: Fisiología Pulmonar. M.G. Levitzky (2024). McGraw Hill. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1fbc57r/alma991010979965706709
Unit 4: Radiobiology for the Radiologist. E.J. Hall et al. (2018), Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1c3utr0/cdi_proquest_ebookcentral_EBC5829217
Unit 5: Physics of the Human Body. I.P. Herman (2007). Springer. Capítol 11. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1eqfv2p/alma991010401169706709
Unit 6: Medical Physics. Physical Aspects of Organs and Imaging. H. Zabel (2017). De Gruyter Textbook. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1eqfv2p/alma991010485419506709
Unit 7: Tratado de Audiología. Enrique Salesa et al.(2013). Elsevier-Masson. e-book: https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1c3utr0/cdi_askewsholts_vlebooks_9788445823958
Software
Praat software for voice analysis in auditory laboratory work.
Course groups and languages
The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE
| Type of teaching | Group | Language | Semester | Shift |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 1 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 1 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 2 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 2 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 3 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 3 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 4 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 4 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 5 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 5 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 6 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 6 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 7 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 7 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 8 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 8 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 9 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 9 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 10 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (SEM) Seminars | 10 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 11 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 11 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 12 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 12 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 13 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 13 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 14 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 14 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 15 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 15 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 16 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 16 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 17 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 17 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 18 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 18 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 19 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 19 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 20 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 20 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (TE) Theory | 101 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (TE) Theory | 102 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (TE) Theory | 103 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |
| (TE) Theory | 104 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | afternoon |