Chemistry of Elements
Code: 102505Credits: 12
| Degree programme | Type | Course |
|---|---|---|
| Chemistry | OB | 2 |
Contact lecturer
- Name :
- Fernando Novio Vazquez
- Email :
- fernando.novio@uab.cat
Teaching staff
- Fernando Novio Vazquez
- Oscar Palacios Bonilla
- Jose Muñoz Martin
- Ramón Yáñez López
Group languages
You can consult this information at the end of the document.
Prerequisites
Prerequisites: Fonaments de Química I.
To take Química dels Elements (Chemistry of the elements), it is a prerequisite to have passed the subject Fonaments de Química I.
Objectives
"Química dels Elements" (Chemistry of the elements) is a second year course in which the student must acquire a first set of fundamental contents of the area of knowledge of Inorganic Chemistry. The essential objective is that, based on the general knowledge of chemistry acquired in the subject "Fonaments de Química" (Fundamentals of Chemistry), the student reaches a basic knowledge of how is the chemistry of the different elements of the periodic table, with special emphasis on the elements of the main groups. Its natural continuation is found in the third year course “Química de Coordinació i Organometal·lica" (Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry), in which the chemistry of the transition elements is dealt with more thoroughly. Also, the contents of this subject are essential to be able to take “Ciència de Materials” (Materials Science) in the third course.
Objectives of the subject:
1) Remember and expand basic concepts of bonding, structure and periodic properties studied in the first course.
2) Learn the general aspects of the structures of inorganic solids, especially metals and ionic solids.
3) Expand the acid-base concepts studied in the first year to understand aspects such as the influence of the solvent, the properties of the oxides or the hydrolysis of cations.
4) Expand knowledge of redox reactions. Understand and learn how to use the Latimer, Frost, Pourbaix and Ellingham diagrams.
5) Acquire general knowledge about coordination chemistry.
6) Obtain general knowledge about the structure, reactivity and applications of the elements of the main groups and their compounds.
7) Acquire basic knowledge about the structure, reactivity and applications of transition elements and their compounds.
8) To obtain security in the interpretation of data and in the resolution of problems in the field of the subject.
9) Acquire skills in the fundamental techniques and procedures ofan inorganic synthesis and characterization laboratory.
Learning outcomes
- CM10 (Interpret data obtained from experiments or theoretical models to propose solutions to problems in the field of inorganic chemistry.) Interpret data obtained from experiments or theoretical models to propose solutions to problems in the field of inorganic chemistry.
- CM11 (Perform, from planning to execution, a synthetic procedure for the preparation, purification and characterisation of inorganic compounds including coordination and organometallic compounds.) Perform, from planning to execution, a synthetic procedure for the preparation, purification and characterisation of inorganic compounds including coordination and organometallic compounds.
- CM12 (Work together as a team when using techniques and instruments for chemical and structural analysis in an inorganic chemistry laboratory.) Work together as a team when using techniques and instruments for chemical and structural analysis in an inorganic chemistry laboratory.
- CM13 (Handle products and waste in an inorganic chemistry laboratory in consideration of safety and environmental impact.) Handle products and waste in an inorganic chemistry laboratory in consideration of safety and environmental impact.
- KM14 (Identify the concepts, principles, and theories that describe inorganic compounds, including coordination compounds and organometallic compounds.) Identify the concepts, principles, and theories that describe inorganic compounds, including coordination compounds and organometallic compounds.
- KM15 (Describe the main methods for preparing and characterising inorganic compounds, including coordination and organometallic compounds.) Describe the main methods for preparing and characterising inorganic compounds, including coordination and organometallic compounds.
- SM13 (Interpret how and why the properties and reactivity of chemical elements and their compounds vary, including relationships and trends between groups in the periodic table.) Interpret how and why the properties and reactivity of chemical elements and their compounds vary, including relationships and trends between groups in the periodic table.
- SM14 (Properly and safely handle the typical instruments and materials of an inorganic chemistry laboratory.) Properly and safely handle the typical instruments and materials of an inorganic chemistry laboratory.
- SM15 (Interpret the properties and applications of the main inorganic compounds, including coordination and organometallic compounds, through the analysis of experimental and theoretical data.) Interpret the properties and applications of the main inorganic compounds, including coordination and organometallic compounds, through the analysis of experimental and theoretical data.
Contents
Theoretical Contents
1. Introduction.
Abundance of the elements in the universe and in the earth's crust. Oxidation states in blocks s and p. The size of atoms and ions in blocks s, p and d. The importance of bonding energy and electronegativity. Polarizability and polarizing ability: Fajans rules.
2 .- The structure of solids.
Description of the structure of solids. The elementary cell. Compact packing of spheres, holes in compact packaging. Structure and bonding in metals and alloys. Ionic solids. Characteristics of the structures and their rationalization. Energetic aspects in the ionic bond. Electronic structure of solids.
3 .- Acids and bases.
Brönsted acids. Characteristics of Brönsted acids. Lewis acids and bases. Examples and general characteristics of Lewis acids. Reactions and properties of Lewis acids and bases. Hydrolysis of the cations.
4 .- Oxidation and reduction.
Reduction potentials. Trends in standard potentials. Reactions in water. Oxidation by atmospheric oxygen. Latimer diagrams. Frost diagrams. Pourbaix diagrams. Chemical extraction of the elements: chemical reduction, chemical oxidation, electrochemical extraction.
5 .- Introduction to coordination compounds.
Constitution, coordination numbers and geometry of coordination compounds. Representative ligands. Isomerism and chirality: square, tetrahedral and octahedral geometry.
6 .- Hydrogen.
Nuclear properties. Atoms of hydrogen and ions. Properties and reactions of elemental hydrogen. Molecular, saline and metallic hydrides. Stability, synthesis and reactions. Applications.
7 .- The alkaline elements.
Generalities of the group. Simple compounds: hydrides, halides, oxides and related compounds. Hydroxides and carbonates. Solubility and hydration. Coordination and organometallic compounds. Applications.
8 .- The alkaline earth elements.
Generalities ofthe group. Simple compounds: hydrides, halides, oxides, carbides and others. Hydroxides and carbonates. Solubility and hydration. Coordination and organometallic compounds. Applications.
9.- General aspects of block p elements
General aspects: electronic configurations, metallic character, electronegativity and radii. The d block contraction. Oxidation states and inert pair effect. General trends in the properties of oxides: structures and acid-base character. General trends in the behavior of halides: structures and reactivity.
10 .- The elements of group 13.
Generalities of the group. Boron compounds: hydrides and halides. Boron-oxygen and boron-nitrogen compounds. Boron clusters. Aluminum compounds: hydrides, halides and oxo compounds. Compounds of gallium, indium and thallium. Coordination and organometallic compounds. Applications.
11 .- The elements of group 14.
Generalities of the group. The elemental carbon. Simple carbon compounds: hydrides, halides and oxides. Other carbon compounds Silicon compounds: silicon oxide, silicates and aluminosilicates. Compounds of germanium, tin and lead. Coordination and organometallic compounds. Applications.
12 .- The elements of group 15.
Generalities of the group. Nitrogen compounds Ammonia and other hydrides. Nitrogen oxides. Nitrous and nitric acids. Nitrites and nitrates. Other nitrogen compounds Phosphorus and its allotropic forms. Binary phosphorus compounds. Oxo acids of phosphorus and phosphates. Arsenic, antimony and bismuth compounds. Coordination and organometallic compounds. Applications.
13 .- The elements of group 16.
Generalities of the group. The Oxigen. The bond in the oxygen compounds. Water and hydrogen peroxide. Sulfur and its allotropic forms. Sulfur compounds: sulfides, oxides, oxo acids and oxosols. Other compounds Selenium, tellurium and polonium compounds. Applications.
14 .- The elements of group 17.
General aspects of the group: fluorine,chlorine, bromine and iodine. Hydrochloric acid. Haluros. Oxides of halogens. Oxoacids and oxoanions. Interhalogenic and pseudohalogenic compounds. Applications.
15 .- The elements of group 18.
Generalities of the group. The elements and their compounds. Synthesis, structure and reactions of xenon fluorides. Xenon-oxygen compounds and other compounds ofgroup 18 gases.
16 .- The metals of block d.
General properties, classification of transition elements. Abundance. Energy of the orbitals. Electronic configurations Variation of the oxidation states. Magnetic properties Noble character Representative compounds: oxides, halides and sulfides. Oxocations, oxoanions and polyoxometalates. Important applications of the elements of the block d.
17 .- The metals of the block f
General features. Elements of group 3 and the lanthanides: properties of the elements, oxidation states and important compounds. Actinides, oxidation states and important compounds.
Experimental Contents
The following laboratory experiments will be carried out:
(Some modifications can be made to meet organizational needs)
- Preparation of some lead salts
- Preparation of sodium thiosulfate
- Preparation of chromium compounds
- Synthesis and reactivity of copper compounds
- Preparation of tin (II) chloride and tin iodide (IV)
- Preparation of potassium iodate and potassium iodide
Learning activities and methodology
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type: directed | 60 | 2.4 | CM11, CM12, CM13, KM14, KM15, SM14, SM15 |
| Type: supervised | 18 | 0.72 | CM10, CM11, KM14, KM15, SM13, SM15 |
| Type: directed | 12 | 0.48 | |
| Type: supervised | 8 | 0.32 | CM10, KM14, SM13, SM15 |
| Type: Autonomous | 139 | 5.56 | CM10, CM12, CM13, KM14, SM13, SM15 |
| Type: directed | 53 | 2.12 | CM10, CM11, CM12, CM13, KM14, KM15, SM13, SM14, SM15 |
Description of the methodology
Face-to-face and virtual classes
Teaching will be given through theory sessions, problem sessions and seminars, as well as follow-up tests. All these activiries can be face-to-face or virtual depending on the requirements of the current health situation.
Laboratory Practices:
The lab internship program is designed to achieve a dual goal. On the one hand, transfer the learning of the concepts elaborated during the theoretical lessons and discussed during the problem sessions to selected experiments that allow to consolidate the concepts. On the other hand, to provide the students with the necessary skills in the synthesis and characterization of inorganic products through the use of the most common techniques of a synthesis laboratory. Due to the nature of this training, this part of the teaching will be face-to-face, as long as the legal regulations allow it.
About class attendance
As a semi-face-to-face subject, it is compulsory for students to attend the face-to-face allocated theory and problem sessions or face-to-face laboratory sessions. As a result, follow-up tests may be conducted during any of these sessions without prior notice to students.
SAFETY WARNING IN THE LABORATORY
The student who is involved in an incident that may have serious safety consequences may be expelled from the laboratory and suspend the subject.
Assessment
Continuous assessment activities
| Title | Weight | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Block 1 | 25 | 2.5 | 0.1 | CM10, KM14, KM15, SM13, SM15 |
| Block 4 | 25 | 2.5 | 0.1 | CM10, CM11, CM12, CM13, KM14, KM15, SM14, SM15 |
| Block 3 | 25 | 2.5 | 0.1 | CM10, KM14, KM15, SM13, SM15 |
| Block 2 | 25 | 2.5 | 0.1 | CM10, KM14, KM15, SM13, SM15 |
Subject Assessment:
The continuous evaluation of the subject has the following fundamental objectives:
1) Monitor the teaching-learning process, allowing both the students and the teacher to know the degree of achievement of the skills and correct, if possible, the deviations that occur.
2) Encourage the continued effort of the students.
3) Verify that the students have achieved the competencies determined in the curriculum.
Blocks: For evaluation purposes, the subject can be considered divided into four blocks (B1-B4). The laboratory practice block (B4), has a special treatment because its special nature. It will be discussed below. Theory blocks B1-B3 will be evaluated with a partial exam (P1-P3) and by means of the follow-up tests that are carried out during the teaching period corresponding to each block, giving rise to marks S1-S3.
Exams: Throughout the course there will be three partial exams (P1-P3), corresponding to the three blocks of theory (B1-B3). All exams will be scored with a grade between 0 and 10.
Follow-up work: A series of follow-up tests will be carried out throughout the course. The set of tests for each block is summarized in a note between 0 and 10 (S1-S3) for the first three blocks. No follow-up tests will be done out the scheduled dates due to student absence.
Laboratory Practices: The grade for the practice block (B4) will be obtained during the laboratory sessions. The exam grade for the P4 practical block will be between 0 and 10, and corresponds to 50% of the B4 grade. This grade may include a practical exam. The face-to-face laboratory generates a non-recoverable laboratory follow-up grade between 0 and 10 (S4), which corresponds to the remaining 50% of the B4 grade. The laboratory is particularly face-to-face: it is up to the discretion of the responsible teaching staff to decide whether an absence is justified or not. Students who do not complete at least 80% of the laboratory sessions or who have unexcused absences will be assigned the grade of “fail” in the subject.
Students who have taken the subject once and have not passed it may, if they wish, maintain the practical exam grade (P4) and the block grade (B4) for the immediately following year without repeating the practicals, if both grades are at least a 4. If these requirements are met, the practical grades obtained will only be valid for the following year.
If the student wants to keep the grade for the following year, in this year they will not be able to retake the practical exam to improve their grade.
The teaching team encourages all students who repeat Chemistry of the Elements to take the practicals a second time and better consolidate the theoretical and practical concepts of the subject.
Qualifications:
To pass the subject per course one must obtain a final course grade (FCG) greater than or equal to 5.0 and achieve a grade greater than or equal to 4.0 of each of the blocks (B1-B4) and partial exams (P1-p4).
1) FCG is calculated according to:
FCG = a1 B1 + a2 B2 + a3 B3 + 0,25 B4
where coefficients a1, a2 and a3 are the fractions of the hours dedicated to each block in the schedule of the subject, with respect to the total scheduled hours, normalized to 0,75. The value of the coefficients will be established and the students will be informed as soon as the final schedule of the academic year is known.
2) The mark of each block is calculated by the mark of the examination P (80% weight) and the mark of the follow-up tests S (20% weight) corresponding to the period of each block. In the case of students who take the single assessment, 100% of the grade corresponding to the theory part (a1 B1 + a2 B2 + a3 B3) will be that of the final single assessment exam.
Students who do not pass the subject per course (continuous assessment) and students who want to improve the course grade:
Students who do not pass the subject per course, in accordance with the previous continuous assessment scheme, or who want to improve their grade, may take a maximum of two exams to recover the partial ones (P1-P4). The exams that the students take must be those for which the grade or grades of the corresponding block (B1-B4) are the lowest. Students that fail three or more blocks will not be able to participate in the retake exam and will have the qualification of failed.
When the student carries out a retake exam, the P mark of the block will be that of the retake exam, if this is higher than that obtained in the corresponding exam during the course. If the mark obtained in the retake exam is lower than that obtained during the course, the P mark of the block will be the average of the mark of the retake exam and the exam taken during the course. The mark of block B will be the average between the mark P of the exam calculated in the way indicated above and the mark of the follow-up tests S corresponding to the block carried out during the course. S-tracking notes are not recoverable. In the case of students enrolled for unique assessment, 100% of the grade for blocks B1, B2 and B3 will correspond to the grade (or average of the grades if applicable) of the exams of each of the blocks.
To pass the subject after taking the retake exam the students must meet the same requirements needed to pass the subject per course.
Unique assessment:
Students who have taken the unique assessment modality must take a single final test which will consist of an examination of the entire subject syllabus (Blocks B1, B2 and B3) to be taken on the day in which the students of the continuous assessment take the third partial exam and will be graded with the laboratory grade (Block 4).
The grade will be = Final exam grade (75%) + Lab grade (B4, 25%)
If the final grade does not reach 5, the student has another chance to pass the subject through the retake exam that will be held on the day that the continuous assessment students also do their retake exam/s. In this case, the same protocotol as for continuous assessment will apply.
Final grades:
Students who take at least one P1-P4 midterm exam will be graded as “Suspès” (failed), “Aprovat” (passed), “Notable” (notable), “Excel·lent“ (excellent) or “Matrícula d’honor” (honors degree). Students who do not meet the above requirements will be classified as “No avaluable” (non-assessable).
The final marks of the students who pass the subject may be distributed between 5 and, if applicable, 10, always maintaining the order of the students in accordance with the FCG mark obtained, in order to achieve the distribution between “aprovats”, “notables”, “excel·lents“ and “MHs” that teachers consider ideal.
Students who do not pass the subject because they do not pass at least one block, regardless of their overall average, will obtain a maximum final grade of FCG of 4,5.
Students must act honestly throughout the course. Dishonest attitudes (copying, allowing copying or any action aimed at distorting an assessment) in any follow-up test or exam will be grounds for a grade of failed with a final grade of 0 in the subject for all students involved, regardless of the rest of grades obtained. In particular, during the written tests, mobile phones or any other telecommunication devices must be disconnected and stored in bags or backpacks, which must be left on the classplatform. Inthe event that a student wearing an unauthorized device during the exam and /or follow-up test is detected, the student will be expelled from the classroom and will have a grade of failed in the subject.
The commission of any irregularity in an assessment act (academic fraud, plagiarism or improper use of AI, unless this use is expressly authorized in the teaching guide), which may lead to a significant variation in the grade, means that this act will be graded with a 0. In the event that the teaching guide provides that in order to pass the subject it is an essential requirement to have obtained a minimum grade in this assessment act or that several irregularities occur in the assessment acts of the same subject, the final grade for this subject is 0. Apart from this, a disciplinary process may be initiated against the student who incurs any of these irregularities.
Note regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI):
In this subject, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is permitted as an integral part of the development of the work, bibliographic or information research, provided that the final result reflects a significant contribution by the student to the analysis and personal reflection. The student must clearly identify which parts have been generated with this technology, specify the tools used and include a critical reflection on how they have influenced the process and the final result of the activity. The use of AI is not permitted in follow-up tests. The lack of transparency in the use of AI in this assessable activity is considered a lack of academic honesty and may lead to a partial or total penalty in the grade of the activity, or greater sanctions in serious cases.
Bibliography
Textbooks:
\"Inorganic Chemistry\" Shriver & Atkins, McGraw Hill, 4th Ed, 2008. In Spanish. ISBN-13: 978-970-10-6531-0
There is the corresponding original version: \"Inorganic Chemistry\" Shriver & Atkins, Oxford UP, 4th Ed, 2006. In English. ISBN-13: 978-019-92-6463-6
Basic descriptive chemistry of the elements:
\"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry\" G. Rayner-Canham, Freeman. In English.
\"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry\" G. Rayner-Canham, Prentice-Hall. In Spanish.
General reference reference:
\"Química Inorgánica\" (2a ed.) C.H. Housecroft, A.G. Sharpe, Pearson Educación, 2006.
\"Chemistry of the Elements\" by N.N. Greenwood & A. Earnshaw, Pergamon, 1984.
WEB References:
https://cv2008.uab.cat
http://www.webelements.com/
http://tablaperiodica.analesdequimica.es/
http://www.periodicvideos.com/
Software
No particular sofwar will be used.
Course groups and languages
The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE
| Type of teaching | Group | Language | Semester | Shift |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (TE) Theory | 1 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 1 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 1 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 1 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 1 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (TE) Theory | 2 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 2 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 2 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (SEM) Seminars | 2 | Catalan/Spanish | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 2 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 3 | Catalan | annual | afternoon |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 3 | Catalan | annual | afternoon |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 4 | Catalan | annual | afternoon |
| (PLABs) Suport a les pràctiques de laboratori | 4 | Catalan | annual | afternoon |