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Structure and Function of Biomolecules

Code: 100758
Credits: 6
2026/2027
Degree programme Type Course
Biology FB 1

Contact lecturer

Name :
Susanna Navarro Cantero
Email :
susanna.navarro.cantero@uab.cat

Teaching staff

Nathalia Varejao Nogueira

Group languages

You can consult this information at the end of the document.

Prerequisites

There are no official prerequisites. However, it is assumed that the student has assimilated the concepts acquired during the first term, particularly those contained in the subjects of Chemistry and Cell Biology, such as those related to chemical functional groups, chemical equilibrium, basic thermodynamics, biological membranes and cellular compartmentalization.

Objectives

The course Structure and Function of Biomolecules is the first part of the subject "Biochemistry" in the Biology degree; it covers the structural and functional characteristics of biomolecules from a point of view which is basic and simple but also with the necessary depth required for further use, mainly related to the structure and function of enzymes and the bioenergetics concepts that will be used in the second part of the subject to be taught in the third term under the name Biosignalling and Metabolism. Similarly, the concepts on the structure and function of biomolecules are essential for the understanding of more specialised courses in the Biology degree.

 

Objectives:

  • To understand, based on previously acquired chemistry knowledge, the fundamental structural characteristics of biological molecules, being able to draw conclusions about their stability, functionality and ability to replicate structures.
  • To acquire the conceptual basis of bioenergetics processes as a primer to the second part of the subject Biochemistry, dedicated to metabolism.
  • To understand the kinetics of enzymatic action in the context of the study of biological reactions and their metabolic relationships.
  • To understand the basic methods of purification, characterization, structural analysis of biomolecules and recombinant DNA methodologies.

Learning outcomes

  • CM17 (Design processes and experiments using biochemistry and biotechnology techniques.) Design processes and experiments using biochemistry and biotechnology techniques.
  • CM18 (Interpret the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters that define enzymatic reactions to provide innovative responses to the needs and demands of society.) Interpret the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters that define enzymatic reactions to provide innovative responses to the needs and demands of society.
  • KM30 (Describe the basic structural and functional characteristics of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and biological membranes, nucleotides and nucleic acids.) Describe the basic structural and functional characteristics of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and biological membranes, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
  • KM31 (Describe the catalytic mechanisms of enzymatic reactions and their inhibition and regulation mechanisms.) Describe the catalytic mechanisms of enzymatic reactions and their inhibition and regulation mechanisms.
  • KM32 (Identify the specific bibliographic sources in biochemistry that allow, in an autonomous way, to develop and broaden the knowledge acquired.) Identify the specific bibliographic sources in biochemistry that allow, in an autonomous way, to develop and broaden the knowledge acquired.
  • SM27 (Apply the most appropriate experimental approaches to the study of the structure and function of biomolecules.) Apply the most appropriate experimental approaches to the study of the structure and function of biomolecules.

Contents

THEORY

Block 1. INTRODUCTION.

ELEMENTS, MOLECULES, PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND BIOENERGETICS OF LIVING BEINGS.

The chemical logic of biological processes. Chemical elements present in living beings. Biomolecules: general characteristics. Biological importance of water. Non-covalent interactions in aqueous media. Ionization of water, ionic equilibrium and buffer systems. Energy transformations in living beings and the laws of Thermodynamics. Free energy and equilibrium constant. Universal biochemical reactions and processes.

Block 2: CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS

CARBOHYDRATES

Types of carbohydrates and their functions. Monosaccharides: description and properties. Monosaccharide derivatives. Glycosidic bond. Oligosaccharides. Structural and storage polysaccharides. Glycoconjugates: glycoproteins, proteoglycans and glycolipids. Carbohydrates as informative molecules.

LIPIDS AND BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES.

Types of lipids and functions. Storage lipids. Structural membrane lipids. Other lipids with specific biological activity. Lipoproteins. Structure and properties of biological membranes. Membrane proteins. Transport across membranes.

Block 3. PROTEINS.

PRIMARY STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS.

Classes of proteins and their functions. Structure and properties of amino acids. Stereoisomerism and acid-base behavior. Peptides and the peptide bond. The protein sequence: analysis and evolutionary implications.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS.

General concepts of protein structure. Secondary structure: alpha helix and beta sheets. Tertiary structure: fibrous proteins and globular proteins. Protein folding: determining factors. Quaternary structure. Molecular chaperones and the proteasome. Introduction to conformational diseases. Prediction of protein structure. Introduction to protein purification and characterization techniques.

BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

Nature and function. Enzymatic cofactors. Classification and nomenclature of enzymes. Effects of catalysts on chemical reactions: general mechanisms. Description of enzymatic mechanisms. Enzyme kinetics: concept of initial velocity; Michaelis-Menten model. Enzyme inhibition. Regulation of enzyme activity: allosterism, covalent modification and changes in enzyme concentration. Biomedical and biotechnological applications.

STRUCTURE-FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP AND EVOLUTION OF PROTEINS.

Oxygen storage and transport: myoglobin and hemoglobin. Allosterism and cooperativity in hemoglobin. Myoglobin and hemoglobin as examples of protein evolution. Use of protein sequences for the analysis of evolutionary relationships.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION

Spectroscopic methods and their applications: absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence, circular dichroism, infrared spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules by X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance.

Block 4: NUCLEIC ACIDS

STRUCTURE AND BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS

Nature and function. Nucleotides. Primary structure of nucleic acids. Secondary structure: Watson and Crick model and alternative structures. Tertiary structure: DNA supercoiling and transfer RNA. DNA-protein complexes: organization of the chromosome.

RECOMBINANT DNA. TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS

Brief introduction to nucleic acid metabolism: replication, transcription and translation. Materials and methodology for DNA cloning: restriction enzymes, vectors, expression of recombinant proteins and purification methods. Examples of recombinant DNA techniques. Applications in protein production and modification. DNA sequencing and genome projects. Some analytical and biotechnological applications. Genomics and proteomics.

PROBLEMS

This section will be based on the dossier that will be provided at the beginning of the semester, consisting of a specified number of problem statements related to the topics covered in Theory. The characteristics of the different parts of the Theory syllabus mean that the problem statements focus on certain specific aspects, namely:

Topic P1. Chemical equilibrium and buffer systems

Topic P2. Free energy and equilibrium constant

Topic P3. Protein purification and analysis methods

Topic P4. Enzyme kinetics

Topic P5. Recombinant DNA.

LABORATORY PRACTICALS

Two laboratory sessions of four hours each will be held:

  1. Spectrophotometry as a method for determining the concentration of biomolecules. Preparation of buffer solutions.
  2. Liquid chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as methods for the analysis and purification of biomolecules.

Learning activities and methodology

Title Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
Theory sessions 32 1.28 CM17, CM18, KM30, KM31, KM32
In-class tutorials 6 0.24 SM27
Deliveries through the CV 7 0.28 CM17, CM18, KM32, SM27
Individual or group study 60 2.4 CM17, CM18, KM30, KM31, KM32
Self-learning exercises 5 0.2 CM17, CM18, KM32, SM27
Laboratory practicals 8 0.32 CM17, SM27
Group work for problem solving 14 0.56 CM17, CM18, SM27
Problem sessions 10 0.4 CM17, CM18, SM27

Methodology

The training activities are divided into three sections: theory classes, problem classes and laboratory practicals, each with its own specific methodology. These activities may be complemented by a series of tutorial sessions to be scheduled by mutual agreement between students and teaching staff.


Theory classes

The lecturer will explain the syllabus content with the support of audiovisual material that will be made available to students on the course Virtual Campus at the beginning of each topic. These expository sessions will constitute the most important part of the theory section. Students are advised to have the material published on the VC in printed form so that they can follow the classes more comfortably, and to complement the syllabus by regularly consulting the recommended books listed in the Bibliography.

Theory classes will mainly take the form of lectures and exercises/microprojects proposed in class, which will be submitted in class or through the VC, following the lecturer's instructions and within the established deadline.


Problem-based learning

The group will be divided into two subgroups, whose lists will be made public at the beginning of the course, and each student will attend the sessions scheduled for their group.

At the beginning of the semester, a dossier of problem statements for the course will be provided through the Virtual Campus. These problems will be solved throughout the sessions. In a limited number of sessions distributed during the semester, the problem-solving teaching staff will explain the experimental and calculation principles required to work on them, outlining the guidelines for their resolution and at the same time teaching part of the subject matter that complements the theory classes.

Problems will be prepared outside class hours in working groups of four to five people, which will remain in place throughout the course. The in-person non-lecture sessions will be devoted to solving problems previously worked on in groups, which will be presented at the board by members of the different working groups. The teaching staff will ensure that all groups have the opportunity to explain their proposed problem-solving approaches publicly during the semester and will occasionally collect the solution sheet for some problems. In addition, new statements will be proposed to be worked on in groups during the same class, and their solution must be submitted at the end of the session. At the end of the course, the members of the working group must also answer a questionnaire through the Virtual Campus in which they assess their own work and that of their group.

Attendance at problem classes is compulsory, except in cases where there is a justified and documented reason.


Laboratory practicals

The group will be subdivided into four subgroups, whose lists will be announced in advance. In order to ensure the proper functioning of the practical sessions, changes between groups will only be accepted when they are clearly justified and have been previously accepted by the practical-session lecturers. As a general rule, no changes will be accepted other than those involving the exchange of one student for another from a different group. Students must attend practical sessions with a lab coat, splash-protection goggles, the practical protocol (available on the Virtual Campus) printed and read beforehand, and a notebook to record observations and the data obtained.

On the days established in the calendar, students enrolled in the Biochemistry laboratory will be called to carry out basic experiments on the determination of properties and the analysis of biomolecules. The practicals, as well as their assessment, will be carried out in groups of two people. After each session, a questionnaire must be submitted with the results of the experiment and the answers to the questions posed.

Attendance at practical sessions is compulsory, except in cases where there is a documented justified reason.


Tutorials

These sessions will always be scheduled at the request of students, through their representatives, or at the proposal of the lecturer, since they are not explicitly scheduled in the teaching calendar. The aim of these sessions, if held, is to resolve doubts, review basic concepts not explained in class, provide guidance on the information sources consulted and hold debates on topics for which autonomous learning has been scheduled or which have been proposed by the lecturers. These sessions will not be lectures and no official syllabus content will be advanced in them; rather, they will be debate and discussion sessions. Their scheduling will be agreed with the class group so that the different sessions are evenly distributed throughout the syllabus.


Material available on the course Virtual Campus

  • Teaching guide
  • Presentations used by the teaching staff in theory classes
  • Problem dossier
  • Practical-class protocols
  • Documentation for additional self-learning for theory classes (if necessary)
  • Calendar of teaching activities (classroom sessions, laboratory classes, tutorials, assessments, submissions, etc.).


Annotation: within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.

Assessment

Continuous assessment activities

Title Weight Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
Mixed partial tests: multiple answer/short questions 50% 4.5 0.18 CM17, KM30, KM31, KM32, SM27
Problems examination 15% 0.5 0.02 CM17, CM18, KM31
Delivery of self-learning exercises 15% 0.5 0.02 CM17, CM18, KM32, SM27
Delivery of dossiers / practical sessions questionnaires 15% 0.5 0.02 CM17, CM18, SM27
Delivery of home-solved problems and in-class resolution of problems 5% 2 0.08 CM17, CM18, SM27

Assessment for this course will follow a continuous-assessment format with several types of monitoring: partial written tests with multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions, in-person completion of short online tests, submissions through the Virtual Campus and in class, presentation and in-class submission of problems, and practical sessions. The aim of continuous assessment is to encourage students' continuous effort throughout the syllabus, making it possible to gauge their degree of follow-up, understanding and integration of the subject matter. The following section presents the details of the assessment methodology.

Theory

Individual assessment through:

Two partial tests with multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions. The multiple-choice questions will refer to the part of the syllabus covered in each partial test. The short-answer questions will also refer to that part, although to answer the questions in the second partial test it may be necessary to refer to concepts already acquired. In this way, the short-answer section makes it possible to assess the integration of concepts and to view the course as a single body of knowledge; this section will take a format equivalent to a comprehensive test in the second partial examination, where it will be assigned a greater weight in the mark than in the two previous partial tests.

Each partial examination will count for 25% of the final course mark.

Multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions will account for 75% and 25% of the mark in the first partial examination, respectively, and multiple-choice questions will account for 100% of the mark in the second partial examination.

The written test corresponding to the second partial examination will also propose the resolution of problems previously worked on in class as a complement to the assessment of this type of teaching activity (see the Problems section).

The partial tests are eliminatory; therefore, students who have passed the theory examinations after the second partial examination will have completed their assessment for the course.

No conditions are established for sitting any of the scheduled tests.

The minimum mark for a partial examination to be taken into account is 4.0/10. See the Global assessment and resit process section for an explanation of how the overall course mark is calculated, the minimum marks required to pass the course and the resit process.

Exercises and questions must be submitted only to the lecturer or through the VC. This part will count for 15% in the calculation of the final mark. The average for this mark will only be calculated if all submissions have been completed within the deadline established by the lecturer.

Overall, the theory section will account for 65% of the total assessment: 50% corresponding to the partial examinations and 15% corresponding to the submissions completed during the course.

Problems

Group assessment with an additional individual-assessment component:

Resolution of problems worked on in groups throughout the course and presentation in class, organized so that all groups have the opportunity to solve exercises at the board.

Group resolution of problems proposed in the classroom.

The mark obtained in these two sections, which will initially be the same for all members of the group, may be adjusted if a member does not complete one of the submissions.

Individual examination in which four problems (with subparts), not previously dealt with in class, will be solved. This examination will be held together with the examination corresponding to the second partial test. The minimum mark for considering the problem examination passed is 4.0/10.

The problem section will account for 20% of the total assessment: 5% corresponding to group assessment and 15% corresponding to the test proposed together with the second partial examination.

Practicals

Group assessment:

Presentation of the results obtained during the practical sessions and resolution of the proposed questionnaire. In addition, attitude, the performance of the practicals and behavior in the laboratory will be taken very much into account.

Attendance at laboratory practicals is compulsory. Changes of group will only be accepted exceptionally and always with documentary justification. In the event of justified absence from any of the practical sessions and if there is no option to complete it with a group different from the assigned one, that session will not be considered in the calculation of the practicals mark.

The practicals section will account for 15% of the total assessment.

Global assessment and resit process

The three sections are inseparable, so students must take part in and pass all of them (theory, practicals and problems) in order to pass the subject. The final mark is calculated according to the percentages explained above: the theory section accounts for 65% of the mark overall, the problem section for 20%, and the practical section for the remaining 15%.

The course will be considered passed when all three of the following conditions are met:

  • A minimum mark of 4.0 must be obtained in any of the individual examinations in order to average it with the other marks.
  • A minimum of 5 must be achieved in the average of the two partial theory assessment tests in order to average this mark with the other marks (problems and practicals).
  • A minimum mark of 5/10 must be achieved from the sum of the marks for the theory, problem and practical sections.

Students who do not meet these conditions will be called to a resit test, which will be scheduled after the second partial examination. To be eligible for the resit test, students must have been previously assessed in a set of activities whose weight is equivalent to at least two-thirds of the total course mark.

The resit test will contain multiple-choice questions corresponding to the course partial tests and a written test of short-answer questions covering the entire course. Students who sit it must answer the multiple-choice questions for at least those partial examinations in which they did not achieve 4.0/10, as well as the short-answer section. They may, however, choose to answer questions from other parts of the examination, in which case they will be considered to have waived the previous mark. This test will also include an optional problem, the mark for which will replace the mark obtained in the second partial examination.

For the partial examinations that do not have to be retaken, the mark from the multiple-choice section obtained in the first instance will be used. In order to calculate the course mark and therefore to pass it, the overall theory mark after the resit examination must be equal to or higher than 4. Otherwise, a mark below 5 or a "Not assessable" will not allow the final mark to be calculated and, consequently, will appear in the academic record of students who have failed. If the course is not passed, marks will not be saved for the following academic year. At the student's request, only the mark corresponding to the laboratory practicals may be kept.

The resit test will also be open to students who decide to improve their mark, which will mean that they waive their previous mark and that the same remaining conditions applied to students required to take the resit will apply to them. Students who wish to sit the examination to improve their mark must inform the teaching staff in advance.

Other considerations

The dates of the partial assessments and the resit established in the calendar may not be modified under any circumstances.

Students who are unable to attend an individual assessment test for a justified reason (such as illness, the death of a first-degree relative or an accident) and who provide the corresponding official documentation to the Degree Coordination and to the theory teaching staff will have the right to take the test on another date.

From the second enrolment in the course onwards, repeating students will not have to complete the teaching activities or assessments for the competences they have already passed. In this case, these consist of group work on cases/problems, practicals, submission of assignments through the VC and in-person online tests. The competences in the various sections will be considered passed if 50% or more of the corresponding mark is achieved.

Important:

If plagiarism is detected in any submitted work, it will receive a mark of zero and students may fail the entire module.

In this course, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is not permitted at any stage. Any work that includes AI-generated fragments will be considered a breach of academic honesty and may result in a partial or total penalty in the mark for the activity, or more serious sanctions in severe cases.

Any irregularity in an assessment activity (academic fraud, plagiarism or misuse of AI, unless such use is expressly authorized in the teaching guide) that may lead to a significant change in the mark means that this activity will be marked with a 0. If the teaching guide stipulates that, in order to pass the course, it is essential to have obtained a minimum mark in that assessment activity, or if several irregularities occur in assessment activities within the same course, the final mark for this course will be 0. In addition, disciplinary proceedings may be initiated against any student who commits any of these irregularities.

Single assessment

Students who opt for single assessment must complete the laboratory practicals (PLAB), with compulsory attendance at the in-person sessions, and must pass them; these will account for 15%.

Single assessment consists of one synthesis test with multiple-choice questions and short-answer questions to be developed on all the contents of the theory and problem syllabus. Likewise, on the day of the test, students must submit the problems proposed in the classroom, which will account for 5% of the mark.

The mark obtained in the synthesis test represents 80% of the final course mark; the mark obtained in the practicals represents 15%, and the submission of classroom problems represents 5%.

The single-assessment test will be held on the same date established in the calendar for the second continuous-assessment test, and the same resit system as for continuous assessment will be applied.

To pass the course, a minimum final mark of 5 out of 10 must be obtained in the synthesis test in order to average it with the marks for practicals and problem submissions.

Bibliography

Basic bibliografy and links:

Nelson, D. L. (David L., Hoskins, A. A., Cox, M. M., & Lehninger, A. L. (2021). Lehningerprinciples of biochemistry (8th edition.). Macmillan International HigherEducation.

https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1pvhgf7/alma991010843034906709


Berg, J. M. (Jeremy M., Gatto, G. J., Hines, J. K., Heller, J. B., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2023). Biochemistry (Tenthedition). ‎MacmillanLearning.

https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1gfv7p7/alma991010858237106709


Rodwell, V. W. (2022). Harper. Bioquímica ilustrada (32.a edición). McGraw-HillInteramericana

https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1eqfv2p/alma991010725314606709


Tymoczko, J. L., Berg, J. M., & Stryer, L. (2014). Bioquímica : curso básico (1st ed.). Reverté.

https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1pvhgf7/alma991010615622606709


Voet, D., Voet, J. G., & Pratt, C. W. (2016). Fundamentos de bioquímica la vida a nivelmolecular : 4a edición. Pratt. Médica Panamericana.

https://bibcercador.uab.cat/permalink/34CSUC_UAB/1gfv7p7/alma991007007959706709


Stryer, L, Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. \"Bioquímica\" (2013) 7aed. Ed. Reverté, Barcelona; hi ha una sisena edició de la mateixa editorial en català (2008). Hi ha una nova edició en anglès: MacMillan, 2019.


Software

PyMol:   https://pymol.org/2/

JMol:     http://jmol.sourceforge.net/

AlfaFold

Course groups and languages

The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE

Type of teaching Group Language Semester Shift
(TE) Theory 11 Catalan second semester morning-mixed
(PAUL) Classroom practices 111 Catalan/Spanish second semester morning-mixed
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 111 Catalan second semester morning-mixed
(PAUL) Classroom practices 112 Catalan/Spanish second semester morning-mixed
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 112 Catalan second semester morning-mixed
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 113 Catalan second semester morning-mixed
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 114 Catalan second semester morning-mixed