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Quantitative Research Methods in Criminology

Code: 100450
Credits: 6
2026/2027
Degree programme Type Course
Criminology OB 2

Contact lecturer

Name :
Roberta Rutigliano
Email :
roberta.rutigliano@uab.cat

Group languages

You can consult this information at the end of the document.

Prerequisites

Although it is interesting to have the basic knowledge of mathematics and statistics acquired in secondary education, the subject starts from 0.

All that is required is not being anxious about one's ability to do mathematics.

However, it is advisable to have taken the Quantitative Methods Preparatory course that is scheduled for the Faculty of Sociology and Political Sciences at the beginning of September. This preparatory course is intended for social science students who have difficulties understanding mathematical and statistical reasoning.

Teaching will be taught in Catalan. Despite this, it is possible that some of the seminars will be taught in Spanish.

The teaching of the subject will be taught taking into account the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Objectives

Quantitative Methods is an introductory course in the analysis of statistical data as a fundamental tool in criminological research.

The general objectives of the bachelor’s degree in criminology are that graduates of this degree should be able to use the research methods and techniques specific to statistical analysis and to be competent in the analysis of quantitative data in the field of conflict and/or crime within a given social context. Within this framework, the course's training objectives are:

1) To understand the basic statistical concepts of descriptive statistics.

2) To acquire autonomy in the use of computer tools for quantitative data analysis and their application to criminology.

3) To carry out quantitative data analysis from a descriptive perspective and using univariate and bivariate analytical techniques.

4) To introduce students to statistical inference based on statistical sampling concepts and their consequences in criminology research.

5) To identify and to apply these concepts in criminology research projects.

This course continues the methods and techniques pathway within the degree. It is a continuation of the first-year course "Scientific Research in Criminology" and, in part, of "Data Sources in Criminology," which presents the logic of the research process in social sciences and criminological data. This course is also a continuation of the second-semester course "Data Analysis," which delves deeper into the content of this course and multivariate analysis.

Learning outcomes

  • CM22 (Present crime data analyzed using geographic information systems.) Present crime data analyzed using geographic information systems.
  • CM23 (Lead the design and management of criminological research in a professional environment, identifying the quantitative or qualitative techniques appropriate to the objectives set.) Lead the design and management of criminological research in a professional environment, identifying the quantitative or qualitative techniques appropriate to the objectives set.
  • CM24 (Demonstrate an attitude of effort to solve criminological problems with a scientific approach.) Demonstrate an attitude of effort to solve criminological problems with a scientific approach.
  • KM21 (Identify the fundamentals of basic and inferential statistics.) Identify the fundamentals of basic and inferential statistics.
  • KM22 (Correctly handle the statistical analysis program "R".) Correctly handle the statistical analysis program "R".
  • KM23 (Identify the Fundamentals of Qualitative Analysis.) Identify the Fundamentals of Qualitative Analysis.
  • SM23 (Working with microdata.) Working with microdata.
  • SM24 (Correctly conduct quantitative research in criminology with multivariate analysis.) Correctly conduct quantitative research in criminology with multivariate analysis.
  • SM25 (Correctly conduct qualitative research in criminology.) Correctly conduct qualitative research in criminology.
  • SM26 (Correctly carry out quantitative research in criminology, representing the data through a geographic information program (GIS).) Correctly carry out quantitative research in criminology, representing the data through a geographic information program (GIS).
  • SM27 (Apply the appropriate statistical language for the scientific interpretation of statistical results in the criminological field.) Apply the appropriate statistical language for the scientific interpretation of statistical results in the criminological field.
  • SM28 (Use the most appropriate statistical analysis techniques for each situation.) Use the most appropriate statistical analysis techniques for each situation.

Contents

Block I. Descriptive and inferential data analysis


Unit 1. Descriptive statistics of one variable


1.1. Definition: descriptive and inferential statistics


1.2. Fundamentals of univariate descriptive statistics


The concept of measurement and levels of measurement


The data and the data set


Observations and variables


Mathematical notation: the summation (∑)


1.3. Elementary concepts of proportions. The concept of increment


Calculation and interpretation of a percentage


Operations with proportions


Percentage changes: the increases


Index numbers


1.4. Frequency distribution tables and their graphical representation


Individual data and data grouped in intervals


Absolute, relative and cumulative frequency


Bar and pie charts


1.5. Summary measures of the distribution of a variable


Measures of central tendency: mode, median and mean


Position measures: percentiles


Measures of dispersion: range, variance, standard deviation, interquartile range


Graphical representations: histograms and box plots


1.6. Introduction to the normal distribution


Unit 2. Bivariate descriptive analysis


2.1. Contingency table analysis


Joint, marginal, and conditional distributions


The contingency table as a tool for analysing the relationship between variables


The stacked bar charts


2.2. Comparison of means


Descriptive statistics by group


Clustered box plots


2.3. Correlation between variables and linear regression


Concepts and calculation of correlation


Concepts and calculation of the regression line


Scatterplots


Unit 3. Fundamentals of univariate statistical inference


3.1. Statistical sampling


The concept of sample and population


Probability and non-probability sampling


Sampling error and interval estimates


Block II. The data analysis software


Unit 4. Introduction to the programme


4.1. The graphical interface


4.2. The structure of code in the R language


4.3. Interpretation and understanding of warnings and error messages


4.4. Objects and classes


4.5. Structure of the functions


Unit 5. Transformations of variables


5.1. Introduction


Difference between measurement level and class. The correct assignment of the class


Factor variables and their levels. Reallocation and ordering


5.2. Transformations using a single variable


Recoding


The definition of non-response


5.3. Transformations using several variables


Arithmetic operations on numerical variables


Case count


Generation of variables from conditions


Case selection


Debugging of files: detection and correction of errors


Unit 6. Descriptive statistics in RStudio


6.1. Univariate descriptive statistics


6.2. Bivariate descriptive statistics


6.3. Graphical representations

Learning activities and methodology

Title Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
Exam preparation 34.5 1.38 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Exam 5 0.2 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Exercices and reading 46.5 1.86 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Lectures 19.5 0.78 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Group paper 25 1 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Workshops 19.5 0.78 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28

A detailed schedule of sessions will be published on the virtual campus before the start date of the course.

Two types of activities will be held in the classroom:

  • Theoretical sessions for the class group. The concepts and content of the course will be presented using PowerPoint presentations. The final 10 minutes of each session will be reserved for a test on the specific content of the session. This test will serve as an attendance check and also to assess student adherence to the course.
  • Practical sessions in computerized classrooms. Students will work with the free software RStudio, which is installed in all social science computerized classrooms (students are encouraged to also have the software installed on their laptops). Students will be provided with a dossier for each session through the virtual campus to facilitate follow-up. As with the theoretical sessions, the final 10 minutes of each session will be reserved for a test on the specific content of the session. This test will serve as an attendance check, but also to assess student progress in the course.

Outside the classroom

  • Two types of exercises must be completed weekly: one for the theoretical session and one for the practical session. These exercises must be submitted via the virtual campus before the next session:
    • Theoretical session. This will consist of problems involving applied statistics in criminology. The exercises will be completed at the beginning of the next session.
    • Practical session. Work exercises with RStudio software to help students gain self-reliance in its use. The solutions to these exercises will be posted on the virtual campus for self-correction.
  • Creation of a poster applying the course concepts to criminological research. Its completion will be supervised during tutorial hours. In order to closely monitor the work, lecturers of the course may make these tutorials mandatory.
Annotation: within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.

Assessment

Continuous assessment activities

Title Weight Hours ECTS Learning outcomes
Practical test. Data Analysis with RStudio 30% 0 0 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Ongoing assessment 10% 0 0 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Theoretical-practical test. Problems of univariate descriptive statistics 30% 0 0 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Exercises 5% 0 0 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28
Paper (groups) 25% 0 0 CM22, CM23, CM24, KM21, KM22, KM23, SM23, SM24, SM25, SM26, SM27, SM28

1. Continuous assessment activities

A) Classroom problems and practice with the analysis programme (5%):

  • At the end of each theory session and each practical session, a set of exercises and problems will be posed and must be handed in before the next session.
  • No practice will be accepted beyond the deadlines, except in cases of force majeure. The practices not submitted are not recoverable and have a value equal to 0.
  • The practical exercises will not be directly assessed, but the solutions will be posted on the virtual campus with detailed explanations to facilitate self-correction.

B) Follow-up of theoretical and practical sessions (10%):

  • In each session, a short test will be given with questions on the contents developed during the class or on reading materials defined for the session.
  • This activity cannot be made up, so that unexcused absences will have a mark of 0. If the absence has been justified, the activity will not be taken into account in the calculation of the average.

C) Practical test on data processing with the analysis software (30%):

  • This practical test will assess the skills acquired in data processing and the manipulation of variables and files using the software.
  • In order to pass the course, a minimum mark of 4 is required. Otherwise, it will be necessary to take the final exam.

D) Theoretical-practical test on concepts specific to univariate descriptive statistics (30%):

  • This theoretical and practical test will combine questions on the main concepts of univariate descriptive statistics with their application in problem-solving and the use of statistical software.
  • In order to pass the course, a minimum mark of 4 is required. Otherwise, it will be necessary to take the final exam.

E) Analysis work (25%):

  • A paper will contain: (1) aspects of univariate inference and (2) treatment of variables and bivariate analysis.
  • Guidelines for the development of the work will be set out at the beginning of this part of the course.
  • The work will be carried out in groups. The number of members of the groups will be specified at a later stage.
  • In order to pass the course, a minimum mark of 4 is required. Otherwise, it will be necessary to take the final exam.
  • A paper that contains serious formatting problems (e.g. spelling mistakes or poor bibliographical citations) will receive a mark of 3, regardless of its content.

2. Conditions for taking part in the assessment

  • In accordance with the criteria of the Degree, attendance is compulsory at 100% unless there is an excused absence. Justified absences are considered to be those due to force majeure. Absence due to academic reasons must be accepted in advance by the teaching staff. It is necessary to meet a minimum of 80% attendance to be able to pass the evaluation.
  • Punctuality in class is required. Delays of more than 5 minutes not justified by force majeure will count as a failure to attend.

3. Final test within the framework of continuous assessment

Students who take part in at least 80% of the activities (sections A and Bof the continuous assessment), but who get less than a 4 in any of the three continuous assessment activities (C, D or E) must take a final exam with the content of the whole course.

Students who take part in less than 80% of the activities (sections A and B of continuous assessment) are not entitled to this final exam.

4. Non-evaluable rating

Students will be assessed as long as they have completed a set of activities whose weight is equivalent to a minimum of 2/3 of the total grade of the subject. If the value of the activities carried out does not reach this threshold, the teacher of the subject can consider the student as not evaluable.

5. Fraudulent conduct

If any form of copying or plagiarism is detected in any of the assessment activities, the activity will be marked 0 and the right to re-assessment will be lost. Human or technological help in writing the results of a work will

be considered plagiarism.

Cell phones will be used to evaluate the monitoring of the theory and practice sessions (section B). If it is detected that a person answers the questionnaires without being present in the classroom, he/she will have a mark of 0 in the overall evaluation of the follow-up of the sessions.

6. Behaviour during the course

The UAB is home to a diverse and inclusive environment for students, teaching staff and the university community as a whole. In this class a zero-tolerance policy will be applied towards any attitude of discrimination or harassment based on age, ancestry, functional diversity, gender identity, national origin, religious belief or sexual orientation, as well as towards any attitude that generates a hostile environment for any of the aforementioned reasons. Such attitudes will be reported in accordance with the university's harassment prevention policy.

7. Single assessment

Students who, within the deadlines established by the faculty, take advantage of a single assessment, do not have the obligation to carry out the exercises set out in the classroom, or to deliver the RStudio practices, or to keep a daily monitoring of the course.

In this case, the evaluation will be based on a final exam on the date established by the faculty. This exam will assess the ability to work with the appropriate software, the knowledge of univariate and bivariate descriptive statistics, as well as the basic fundamentals of statistical sampling.

Students who do not pass the test will be will have the right to a re-evaluation. In both exams a grade of 5 is necessary to pass the subject.



For this course, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is permitted exclusively for support tasks, such as bibliographic or information searches and text proofreading. Students must clearly identify which parts of their work were generated using this technology, specify the tools used, and include a critical reflection on how these tools influenced both the process and the final outcome of the assignment. Failure to disclose the use of AI in this assessed activity will be considered a breach of academic integrity and may result in a partial or total reduction of the assignment grade, or more severe disciplinary sanctions in serious cases.


Bibliography

Basic reading

The following publications are the basic reference manuals for the subject. Although they are not compulsory reading, they are recommended.

Boccardo, Giorgio and Ruiz, Felipe (2019). RStudio para Estadística Descriptiva en Ciencias Sociales. https://bookdown.org/gboccardo/manual-ED-UCH/uso-basico-de-rstudio.html#que-es-rstudio-una-interfaz-para-usar-r

López-Roldán, Pedro and Fachelli, Sandra (2015). Metodología de la investigación social cuantitativa. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/129382

Complementary references

Bardina, Xavier; Farré, Mercè and López-Roldán, Pedro (2005). Estadística: un curs introductori per a estudiants de ciències socials i humanes. Volum 2: Descriptiva i exploratòria bivariant. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Cea D'ancona, Mª Ángeles (1998) Metodología cuantitativa. Estrategias y técnicas de investigación social. Síntesis.

Farré, Mercè (2005). Estadística: un curs introductori per a estudiants de ciències socials i humanes. Volum 1: Descriptiva i exploratòria univariant. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

Fox, James A.; Levin, Jack; Forde and David R. (2013) Elementary Statistics in Criminal Justice Research. Pearson Education.

Maxfield, Michael G. and Babbie, Earl R. (2005). Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology. Thomson Wadsworth.

Walker, Jeffery and Maddan, Sean. (2009).Statisticsin Criminology and Social Justice: Analysis and Interpretation. Jones and Bartlett Pubs.

Note

Complementary bibliography for the different parts of the programme can be found in the materials available on the Virtual Campus.

Given the eminently practical nature of the course, the readings that appear in this bibliography are not compulsory, but for consultation; they are designed to complement the explanations given in the classroom and to clarify any doubts that may arise. In addition, they will be useful for all those who, for whatever reason, are unable to attend the classes.

Software

The free software RStudio will be used

Course groups and languages

The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE

Type of teaching Group Language Semester Shift
(TE) Theory 1 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(SEM30) Seminaris (30 estudiants per grup) 11 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(SEM30) Seminaris (30 estudiants per grup) 12 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(SEM30) Seminaris (30 estudiants per grup) 13 Catalan first semester morning-mixed