
Optics
Code: 100156Credits: 9
| Degree programme | Type | Course |
|---|---|---|
| Physics | OB | 3 |
Contact lecturer
- Name :
- Angel Lizana Tutusaus
- Email :
- angel.lizana@uab.cat
Teaching staff
- Neus Garreta Passola
- Irene Estevez Caride
- Judit Bisbal Amat
Teaching staff (external to UAB)
- Ignacio Moreno Soriano
Group languages
You can consult this information at the end of the document.
Prerequisites
There are no special requirements, but it would be convenient if the student has completed the subjects of Electromagnetisme, Ones i Òptica, and those related to mathematics fundamentals given at previous academic courses.
Objectives
The general goal of the Òptica subject is to present to students a general view of the classical optics field, which encompasses a wide range of knowledge areas, from optical instrumentation to interferential and diffraction phenomena. The quantum optics theory is addressed within another subject of the physics degree. The Òptica subject, in addition to provide basic knowledge in the optics field, it is also useful to illustrate how different phenomena can be described by using different theoretical models: electromagnetic model, wave model, geometrical model, etc. This approach meets a transversal competence of learning how to identify a problem, and considering the most suitable methodology to solve it.
The Òptica subject is highly interrelated with the Laboratori d’Òptica subject, which is taught in the same academic course and presents an experimental approach of the Optics phenomena, forming up a thematic cluster.
By means of the geometrical model, the knowledge required to understand the basic optical instruments is provided: Human eye, photographic camera, telescope, and the microscope. By means of the light electromagnetic theory, the interaction of light with different materials is studied, taking special attention to isotropic media and to anisotropic homogeneous and linear media. Regarding to dielectric materials, the classical Lorentz model is introduced to explain the dispersion phenomenon. Finally, by means of the wave model, interferential and diffraction phenomena are studied.
Learning outcomes
- Use critical reasoning, show analytical skills, correctly use technical language and develop logical arguments
- Describe the Maxwell equations and the obtention, from these, of the equation of electromagnetic waves.
- Describe the main types of wave fronts and the harmonic solution of wave equation.
- Describe the polarization states of light.
- Describe the phenomena of refraction and reflection in isotropic media.
- Describe induced polarization in a dielectric medium and the complex refractive index.
- Describe the conditions of propagation for a wave in an anisotropic medium (ordinary and extraordinary wave).
- Describe the functioning of retardant plates.
- Describe the effects that modify the index ellipsoid of a material.
- Describe the conditions required for stable interference to occur.
- Describe the various devices to produce interference.
- Describe the phenomenon of light diffraction.
- Describe methods to evaluate the diffraction produced by different apertures.
- Describe the classical Lorentz model of light-matter interaction.
- Calculate the waves transmitted and reflected in an interface between two isotropic media and assess their state of polarization.
- Calculate the direction of propagation for waves transmitted in anisotropic media.
- Determine the state of polarization of a beam before and after crossing a retarding plate.
- Calculate the interference pattern produced in different interferometers and determine changes in the figure when varying certain system parameters.
- Calculate the figure of diffraction produced by different apertures, applying the approaches necessary.
- Assess the resolution of optical systems taking size into consideration.
- Calculate the refraction of a plane wave in anisotropic medium and the divergence produced.
- Calculate the energy carried by a beam.
- Apply the Fourier transform to describe and polychromatic waves and to describe the phenomenon of diffraction.
- Use wave equation and its general solutions.
- Use the complex representation of harmonic waves.
- Identify optical phenomena observed in nature and explain them clearly in non-specialized settings.
Contents
Waves: Wave equation of motion. Plane waves, spherical waves. Harmonic solution of the wave equation. Fourier analysis. Superposition of waves of the same frequency. Superposition of waves of different frequencies. Phase velocity and group velocity. Superposition of waves with perpendicular electric vectors.
Electromagnetic Theory of Light. Electromagnetic Waves: Macroscopic Maxwell’s equations. Material response. Energy relations. Electromagnetic waves. Linear, homogeneous and isotropic medium. Transversality of plane waves. Energy transport.
Isotropic Media: Reflection and refraction in dielectrics. Fresnel formulas. Dielectric media. Induced polarization. Classical Lorentz dipole model. Propagation and diffusion of a light beam.
Geometrical Optics. Paraxial approximation. Equation of the trajectory. Propagation in non-uniform media. Image formation in geometrical optics. Paraxial optics. Abbe invariant. Magnification. Centered systems. Focal points and focal planes. Principal planes and principal points. Thin lenses. Coupling of systems.
Optical Instruments: The human eye. Photographic and projection instruments. Telescopes. Near-vision instruments: Magnifying glass, compound microscope.
Anisotropic Media. Electric susceptibility. Index ellipsoid. Wave equation in anisotropic media. Propagation conditions. Refraction in an anisotropic medium. Fresnel construction. Construction using the index ellipsoid. Retarders. Absorbing anisotropic media.
Interference: General principles. Conditions for interference. Interference by division of the wavefront: Young’s fringes, practical devices. Interference by amplitude division. Michelson interferometer. Multiple-beam interference obtained by amplitude division. Fabry–Perot interferometer.
Diffraction: Huygens–Fresnel principle. Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Fraunhofer diffraction by an aperture: rectangular aperture, circular aperture. Limitation of the resolving power of instruments. Fraunhofer diffraction by multiple apertures: double slit, diffraction grating. Introduction to Kirchhoff’s scalar theory.
Learning activities and methodology
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-study | 80 | 3.2 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 |
| tutorship | 4.5 | 0.18 | 1 |
| Problems solving | 51 | 2.04 | 1, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 |
| Photographs of optical phenomena in the nature | 5 | 0.2 | 1, 26 |
| Theory sessions | 50 | 2 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 |
| Problems sessions | 25 | 1 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 |
THEORETICAL CLASSES
Within this type of activity the theoretical concepts of the course will be provided. Those slides used during the course will be uploaded to the virtual campus.
Students will be encouraged to participate and to ask questions related to doubts that may rise by using the subjects forum at the virtual campus. In addition, professors will ask questions to them in order to evaluate their comprehension of the knowledge taught.
PRACTICAL CLASSES
These classes will be used to put into practice the concepts described at the theory classes, with the aim of identifying the type of problem to be solved, and the more suitable methodology to be applied to resolve it. The problems statements will be uploaded at the Campus Virtual well in advance, in order to students can try to solve them before the resolution is described at class, and thus, they can ask their doubts in the corresponding problem session.
PHOTOGRAPHS DELIVERY
This activity is performed with the aim of enhancing the observation capacity of students and to foster their capability to relate phenomena present in the nature with the concepts taught in the Òptica subject.
Assessment
Continuous assessment activities
| Title | Weight | Hours | ECTS | Learning outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partials remedial exam | 80 | 3.5 | 0.14 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 |
| Photographs delivery | 20 | 1.5 | 0.06 | 1, 26 |
| 2n Partial examination | 40 | 2.25 | 0.09 | 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21 |
| 1er Partial examination | 40 | 2.25 | 0.09 | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 14, 15, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25 |
The assessment of the subject will be conducted as following:
- Writing tests (80%)
- First partial test or remedial first test (40%)
- Second partial test or remedial second test (40%)
- Photographs of optical phenomena + problem related to an optical image (20%)
WRITING TESTS
These tests are aimed to evaluate the knowledge acquired by students, as well as their capability of analysis, synthesis and reasoning.
WRITING PARTIAL TESTS
Two partial tests will be conducted. The contents evaluated in each partial will be those present in the topics covered during the corresponding periods of the course. The partial dates will be announced well in advance.
Students who have passed the partials are not required to take the final remedial exam. Each one of these two tests accounts for the 40% of the final subject mark.
To opt for the evaluation (the average between the two partial marks), it is required a minimum mark of 4 up to 10 in each partial.
FINAL WRITING TEST
It comprises two parts, each one corresponding to the above-stated partial tests.
Students that have not pass, or not conducted, any of the two partials, have to conduct the corresponding remedial part of the final writing test.
If a student has already passed one of the partials, she/he has also the option to conduct the corresponding remedial part in the final writing test.
Under this scenario, the final mark will be that achieved in the final part test, independently of the mark she/he had taken in the previous partial.
ACTIVITIES RELATED TO OPTICAL PHENOMENA
In this section, the observation capacity of the student will be evaluated and the concepts studied will be related to natural phenomena.
Each student must present 6 original photographs (made by themselves) of natural phenomena related to the concepts studied in the subject. No photos obtained in the laboratory, nor downloads from the internet (in this case the note corresponding to the photos will be 0). In addition, you must give a brief explanation (about a sheet) of the phenomenon analyzed.
Each of the 6 photographs must be dedicated to a different phenomenon. 3 pictures will be presented online at the end of each semester (before the corresponding partial exam) in pdf or word format.
The name of the files will be: Name_Surname_n ...
n will be equal to 1 or 2 depending on the delivery of the first semester or the second semester.
This assignment will be complemented by an individual in-class problem-solving activity, carried out once per semester. The task will involve the analysis and description of an optical phenomenon based on a series of images selected by the teaching staff.
SINGLE ASSESSMENT (EVALUATION)
Students who are evaluated through the single assessment modality must take a final test that will consist of a theory exam in which they must answer a series of questions related to the course syllabus. Next, they will have to do a problem based test in which they will have to solve a series of exercises similar to those previously studied in the Classroom Practice sessions. Finally, they will submit a report with six photographs of optical phenomena taken by themselves (and their corresponding description), with a maximum length of 6 pages, and must make a brief oral presentation to comment the described phenomena. These tests will be carried out on the same day, time and place as the tests of the second part of the continuous assessment modality.
The student's grade will be the weighted average of the three previous activities, where the theory exam will account for 30% of the grade, the problems exam for 40% and the presentation/defense of optical phenomena for 10%.
If the final score does not reach the minimum value of 5,the student will have anotheropportunity to pass the course by taking the remedial exam that will be held on the date stated by the Degree Coordination. In this situation, the final mark of the subject will be that obtained at the remedial exam.
USE OF IA
For this course, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is permitted exclusively as a support tool for bibliographic and information searches, learning concepts, resolving specific questions, and correcting (but not writing) texts. AI may also be used to improve the clarity and presentation of a text that has been previously written by the student. Under no circumstances may AI be used to generate, either wholly or partially, answers, explanations, analyses, or any other content that forms part of an assessed activity. Furthermore, the use of generative AI tools to create, modify, or complete images is not permitted in the optical pheomena related activity based on photographs.
Students must clearly identify any use of these technologies, specifying the tools employed and briefly describing how they contributed to the work process.
The use of any AI tool or technology is strictly prohibited during in-class assessment activities, including examinations, written tests, supervised classroom activities, and any other assessed task conducted under the supervision of the teaching staff, unless explicitly authorized otherwise.
Unauthorized use of AI tools, as well as a lack of transparency regarding their use, will be considered an academic misconduct offence. Any irregularity in an assessment activity (including academic fraud, plagiarism, or improper use of AI) that may lead to a significant alteration of the assessment outcome will result in a grade of 0 for that activity. In the cases established by academic regulations, including those in which obtaining a minimum grade in a specific assessment activity is a mandatory requirement to pass the course, or where multiple irregularities occur within the same course, the final course grade will be 0. Furthermore, the University may initiate disciplinary proceedings against any student involved in such misconduct.
Bibliography
THEORY BOOKS
- J. Casas. Óptica. Universidad de Zaragoza
- E. Hecht. Optics. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
- M.V. Klein, T. E. Furtak. Optics. John Wiley & Sons
- Keigo Iizuka, Elements of Photonics Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBNs: 0-471-83938-8 (Hardback); 0-471-22107-4 (Electronic)
- R. Guenter. Modern Optics. John Wiley & Sons
- B.E.A. Saleh, M.C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics, second edition. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0-471-35832-9
- F.G. Smith, J.H. Thomson, Optics, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN 0 471 91534 3
PROBLEMS BOOKS
- E. Hecht. Teoría y Problemas de Óptica. MacGraw-Hill
- M. López, J.L. Díaz, J.M. Jiménez. Problemas de Física volumen V. Óptica. Editorial Romo.
- M. Fogiel, THE OPTICS PROBLEM SOLVER, Research and Education Association. ISBN: 0-87891-526-5
- Lim Yung-kuo, Problems and Solutions on Opticsm. World Scientific. ISBN: 981-02-0438-8
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Optic's Applets in Matlab: http://sedoptica.es/appletsmatlab
Optic’s Applets in java: http://www.ub.es/javaoptics/index-en.html
Physics’ Applets in java: http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14s/
Virtual Campus: Applets in LabView and videos related to some optics phenomena
Software
Applets of optical phenomena in Matlab
Course groups and languages
The information provided is provisional until November 30. After this date, you will be able to consult the language of each group through this link. To access the information, you will need to enter the course CODE
| Type of teaching | Group | Language | Semester | Shift |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (TE) Theory | 1 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 1 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (TE) Theory | 2 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 2 | Catalan | annual | morning-mixed |