Animal Physiology: Systems
Code: 100806 ECTS Credits: 6| Degree | Type | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Biology | OB | 2 |
Contact
- Name:
- Nerea Roher Armentia
- Email:
- nerea.roher@uab.cat
Teachers
- Juan Carlos Balasch Alemany
Teaching groups languages
You can view this information at the end of this document.
Prerequisites
It is desirable that the student has acquired basic knowledge and competences on the structure and organization of animal organisms and their cellular systems.
It is important that the student has acquired the basic knowledge and skills of the Histology and the Biochemistry course
In order to be able to attend the sessions of laboratory practices, the student must justify having passed the biosafety and security tests that he will find in the Virtual Campus and be knowledgeable and accept the rules of operation of the laboratories of the Faculty of Biosciences.
Objectives and Contextualisation
The subject Physiology Animal I: Systems is programmed during the second course of the Degree of Biology and develops the knowledge of the normal function of the following systems of the animal organism: blood and hematopoietic organs, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, metabolism and Regulation of body temperature systems and excretory system and body fluids regulation.
The acquisition of the basic competences of the subject will allow the student to confront with a sufficient base the study of Animal Physiology II: neurophysiology and endocrinology as well as the understanding of the mechanisms that have been chosen evolutionarily in the different animal groups for Its effectiveness.
The general training objectives of the subject are:
Learn the basics of Physiology of thedifferent functional systems of the animal organism.
Acquire a complete and integrated vision of the interrelations of the different systems in the organism.
To integrate the knowledge of Physiology with those acquired in other basic subjects, which deal with the structure and the cellular and molecular aspects of the organism, in order to achieve a global vision of the functioning of the animal body.
To train the student to apply the physiological knowledge in the deduction of the consequences of the pathological alterations of the organism.
Acquire the practical skills needed to carry out functional study techniques.
Learning Outcomes
- CM21 (Competence) Evaluate inequalities for reasons of sex and gender at the experimental level in the field of animal physiology and pharmacology, highlighting the possible biases derived from them.
- KM35 (Knowledge) Define electrical phenomena and signal transmission in excitable cells, the concept of homeostasis and the functional organisation of animal organs and systems and the neurobiological substrate that regulates behaviour in animals and humans.
- KM36 (Knowledge) Describe the function and regulatory mechanisms of the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, reproductive, nervous and endocrine systems of animals, with special emphasis on humans.
- SM35 (Skill) Apply the rules of good laboratory practice to animal physiology and pharmacology studies.
Content
PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION.
1.- Animal Physiology. Concept Internal madia and Homeostasis
EXCITABILITY AND EXCITABLE CELLS
1.-Intercellular communication mechanisms
2.- Excitable cells. Excitability concept
3.- Ionic channels. Ionic bases of resting membrane potential and action potential
MUSCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
1.- Muscular tissues: anatomical and functional characteristics
2.- Skeletal musculature. Motor unit, muscle tone, isotonic and isometric contraction
3.- Smooth musculature and heart musculature
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
1.- General characteristics of the autonomic nervous system, comparing to the central nervous system
2.- SNA sympathetic and parasympathetic
LIQUID COMPARTMENTS, BLOOD AND HEMATOPOIESIS
1.- General functions and physicochemical characteristics of the blood
2.- Functional constituents: Physicochemical characteristics of plasma. Plasma proteins
3- Characteristics and functions of erythrocytes. Erythropoiesis. Hemoglobin
4.- Concentration and proportion of leukocytes. Leucocyte formula. Formation and functional characteristics of leukocytes. Inflammation
5.- Haemostasis: phases and elements
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1.- Organizational schemes of the circulatory systems. Concepts of hemodynamics. Evolution of the circulatory system.
2.- Characteristics of myocardial fiber. Electromechanical coupling. Calcium paper. Electrical events during the heart cycle. Rest and action potential. Excitability, conductivity and regulation of myocardial automatism. Record of the electrical activity of the heart. ECG
3.- Electrical and mechanical events during the heart cycle. Auricles and ventricles, auriculoventricular and semilunars valves. Systole and diastole. Normal limits of the auricular, ventricular and arterial pressures in pulmonary and systemic circulations
4.-Mechanisms of regulation of the cardiac function: Intrínsecs: homologous and heterometric self-regulation. Extrinsic: autonomic nervous system. Coronary circulation
5.- Arterial and venous system: differences between the arterial and venous system: pressure and resistance.
6.- Capillary exchange and lymphatic system. Hemodynamic functions of the lymphatic system.
7.- Blood pressure. Distribution of the relation pressure / resistance. Blood pressure curve. Measurement of blood pressure. Arterial elasticity curve. Variation with age. Determinant parameters of blood pressure. Rhythmic fluctuations in blood pressure.
8.- Control of the cardiovascular system. General classification of control mechanisms. Local control mechanisms. Endocrine control mechanisms. Nervous control mechanisms
9.- Relationship between blood pressure and local flow control. Global control of blood pressure. Functional differences between short and long term control. Classification of regulatory mechanisms.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1.- Concept of breathing. Respiratory pigments. Comparative aspects of breathing. Aerial and aquatic breathing
2.- Functional organization of the respiratory system. Respiratory and non-respiratory functions
3.- The mammalian lungs. Definition of ventilation mechanics. Variations of pressure and volume in the ventilation. Respiratory work Volumes and lung capabilities. Alveolar ventilation and respiratory areas.
4.- Regulation of pulmonary blood flow. Relation ventilation-perfusion. The respiratory membrane. Exchanging gas to alveoli and tissues.
5.- Regulation of respiration in mammals. The respiratory centers. Respiratory rhythm
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1.- General functions of the digestive system. Evolution of the digestive system. Components and functions of the digestive system. Smooth gastrointestinal muscle, characteristics and particularities. Electric base rhythm and action potential. Peristaltism
Enteric nervous system. Gastrointestinal extrinsic innervation. Gastrointestinal reflexes. Hormones and gastrointestinal peptides
2.- Mastication and swallowing. Salivary secretion
3.- Functional structure of the stomach. Gastric motility. Control of the emptying of the gastric content for gastric and duodenal signals. Gastric secretions Acid secretion: Composition and regulation of acid secretion. Other gastric secretions: digestive enzymes, mucus and intrinsic factor. The gastric mucosa barrier
4.- Functional structure of the small intestine. Secretions in the small intestine, pancreatic secretion and biliary secretion, regulation of secretions. Digestion and absorption of nutrients. The ilio-cecal valve.
5.- Heavy intestine, functional structure. Movements in the large intestine. Secretions and control of secretions. Secretion and intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes. Defecation
6.- Introduction to the regulation of short and long term intake
METABOLISM AND BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION
1.- Characteristics of energy systems: Energy balance. Metabolic rate: Basal metabolic rate. Factors that regulate the metabolic rate.
2.- Integration of the metabolic functions of the organism. Liver as a metabolic organ in the cycles of intake / stomach.
3.- Body temperature and thermal balance. Pioquilothermia and homeothermia. Mechanisms of regulation of body temperature. Adaptations of animals to extreme temperatures. Hyperthermia and fever. Hypothermia and freezing
EXCRETOR SYSTEM
1.- Volume and composition of body fluids. Body water Water balance
2.- Excretory organs. Excretion of nitrogenous products. Basic functions of the kidney in vertebrates. Functional structure of the kidney. Nephron as a functional unit.
3.- Processes that intervene in the formation of urine. Glomerular filtration, secretion and tubular reabsorption.
4.- Glomerular haemodynamics. Concept and calculation of plasma purification. Determination of the glomerular filtration rate. Determination of renal plasmatic flow
5.- Tubular reabsorption and secretion. Regulation of tubular reabsorption
6.- Mechanisms of concentration of the urine. The proximal tubule and the Henle Nansa. Function of the distal tubule and tubule collectors. Contracorrent deconcentration mechanism. Changes in volume and osmolarity of the tubular fluid throughout the nephron. Micción
7.- Regulation of the volume and osmolality of body fluids. Animal adaptations to situations of water stress
8.- Regulation of the acid-base balance. Concentration of hydrogenation in body fluids. The shock absorber systems. Renal regulation of the hydrogen concentration. Physiological compensation of acidic-basic alterations.
LABORATORY PRACTICAL CLASSES PROGRAM
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC REGISTRY
1) Electrocardiogram
- Registration procedure. Placement of electrodes. Bipolar, monopolar and precordial derivations
- Evaluation of normal electrocardiogram register. Variations due to body position, local cold and apnea
CARDIORESPIRATORIES ADAPTATIONS TO THE EXERCISE
Heart rate and heart rhythm
- Measurement of the arterial pressure by the digital and analog method
- Effects of exercise, static and dynamic
- Evaluation of normal values and their physiological variations.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN PHYSIOLOGY
1) ANSWER TO HYDRIC DEPRIVATION IN THE RATOLI
- Physiological criteria to observe before designing an experiment with animals.
- Study of the possible response to water deprivation in mouse.
- Establishment of the hypotheses of the experimental methods to address it
- Discussion of the approaches and establishment of the experimental groups
2) DISCUSSION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE RATE (NECROPSY)
1) IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORGANS AND SYSTEMS
- Disection and identification of organs
2) DETERMINATION OF THE ABSOLUTED AND RELATED ORGAN WEIGHT
- Identification of the main organs that are part of physiological systems
- Manipulation techniques used in studies with rodents
- Obtaining absolute and relative weight of the organs
PROGRAM OF SEMINARS
Problems and / or clinical cases related to the different subjects of the course will be solved, once the corresponding part is finished in the theoretical classes
Activities and Methodology
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type: Directed | |||
| laboratory practices | 12 | 0.48 | KM36, SM35, KM36 |
| problem solving and clinical cases in class | 6 | 0.24 | KM35, KM36, KM35 |
| theoretical expossitions | 32 | 1.28 | KM35, KM36, KM35 |
| Type: Supervised | |||
| practice preparation | 4 | 0.16 | KM36, SM35, KM36 |
| problems resolution | 12 | 0.48 | KM36, SM35, KM36 |
| Type: Autonomous | |||
| elaboration of works | 4 | 0.16 | KM35, KM36, KM35 |
| questions resolution | 8 | 0.32 | KM35, KM36, KM35 |
| study | 60 | 2.4 | KM35, KM36, KM35 |
Theoretical classes:
Systematized presentation of the subject's program, giving relevance to the most important concepts. The student acquires the basic scientific knowledge of the subject by attending theory classes that will be complemented with the personal study of the exposed topics.
Classroom practices:
Work on cases and/or problems relevant to learning the subject. The knowledge acquired in theory classes and personal study is applied to the resolution of practical cases that arise. Students work in groups.
Laboratory course:
Practice sessions for the observation and performance of procedures, practical learning of physiological techniques. Group work and active self-learning are promoted.
In order to attend the laboratory practice sessions, the student must prove that they have passed the biosafety and safety tests that they will find on the Virtual Campus and be familiar with and accept the operating standards of the laboratories of the Faculty of Biosciences.
Tutorials:
Individual sessions or in small groups to resolve doubts related to the subject. This type of activity will be carried out at the request of the students (individually or in groups) or will be proposed by the teacher on a voluntary basis. Therefore, it is an activity that will not be valued in the count of hours included in this teaching guide.
Annotation: Within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.
Assessment
Continous Assessment Activities
| Title | Weighting | Hours | ECTS | Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Examination of theoretical concepts | 75% | 8 | 0.32 | KM35, KM36 |
| Practice questions resolution | 10% | 2 | 0.08 | KM35, KM36 |
| Problem solving and clinical cases in class | 15% | 2 | 0.08 | CM21, KM35, KM36, SM35 |
- Evaluation of practical competences acquired through the resolution of problems and theoretical exam questions.
- Evaluation of theoretical competences by means of objective tests of multiple answer and short questions. It is indispensable to get a grade equal to or greater than 5 to consider the partial part of theoretical knowledge achieved.
- Evaluation of problems based on the results in the case of the problems and the capacity of synthesis and brief explanation in the resolution of questions posed.
- Possibility of recovering only those parts of the theoretical competences that were not obtained at the time.
- The modification of the overall grade of the subject can be done by means of the resolution of a synthesis examination (one question) of the entire subject, which implies the renunciation of the previous note
- Repeaters that do not carry out a continuous assessment, that is to say, do not face problems and / or practice sessions must notify the teaching staff at the beginning of the course, the others will have to do the continuous assessment just like the other classmates, they will have To carry out the practice exam and the mark of the subject will be calculated as 85% theoretical concepts and 15% practical.
To participate in the recovery, the students must have previously been evaluated in a set of activities whose weight equals to a minimum of two thirds of the total grade of the subject or module. Therefore, students will obtain the "Non-Appraising" qualification when the assessment activities carried out have a weighting of less than 67% in the final grade ".
Bibliography
- Fernández-Tresguerres, J. A., Cachofeiro, V., Cardinali, D. P., Delpón, E., Díaz-Rubio, E. R., Escriche, E. E., Juliá, V. L., Mora Teruel, F., & Romano Pardo, M. (2020). Fisiología humana (5ª ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Fox, S. I. (2021). Fisiología humana (15ª ed.). McGraw Hill.
- Hill, R. W., Cavanaugh, D. J., & Anderson, M. (2022). Animal physiology (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Jenkins, G. W., & Tortora, G. J. (2013). Anatomy and physiology : from science to life (3rd ed.). Wiley.
- Koeppen, B. M., Stanton, B. A., Hall, J. M., & Swiatecka-Urban, A. (2024). Berne y Levy fisiología (8ª ed.). Elsevier.
- Willmer, P., Johnston, I., & Stone, G. (2009). Environmental Physiology of Animals (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
- Hall, J. E., & Hall, M. E. (2021). Guyton & Hall. Compendio de fisiología médica (14a ed.). Elsevier.
- Moyes, C. D., &Schulte, P. M. (2016). Principles of animal physiology (3rd. ed.). Pearson.
- Murphy,K., Weaver, C., & Berg, L. (2022). Janeway’s immunobiology (10th ed.). W. W. Norton & Company.
- Pocock, G., Richards, C. D., & Richards, D. A. (2018). Human physiology (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
- Widmaier, E. P., Raff, H., & Strang, K. T. (2023). Vander’s human physiology: the mechanisms of body function (16th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Software
No specific software is needed.
In this course, the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is not allowed in any of its phases. Any work that includes fragments generated by AI will be considered a breach of academic honesty and may result in a partial or total penalty on the activity grade, or more severe sanctions in serious cases.
Groups and Languages
Please note that this information is provisional until 30 November 2025. You can check it through this link. To consult the language you will need to enter the CODE of the subject.
| Name | Group | Language | Semester | Turn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 121 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PAUL) Classroom practices | 122 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 121 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 122 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 123 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (PLAB) Practical laboratories | 124 | Catalan | second semester | morning-mixed |
| (TE) Theory | 12 | Catalan | second semester | afternoon |